Table 1.
Demographic and clinical information of the study samplea
| ID | Group | Age (yr) | Gender | CRPS duration (yr) | Incident at onset | Pain location | Location of other CRPS symptoms | Range of motion | Motor weakness | Tremor | Allodynia | Pain rating during scan | Mean pain rating over 2 d | Mean pain rating over 7 d | PPT left hand (kg/cm2) | PPT right hand (kg/cm2) | Laterality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1 | Control | 38.5 | F | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 | 0 | 50.5 | 62.2 | 87.5 |
| C2 | Control | 42.8 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 4 | 0 | 0 | 13.4 | 13.6 | 87.5 |
| C3 | Control | 52.8 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43.7 | 40.8 | 87.5 |
| C4 | Control | 41.1 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.72 | 3.87 | 100 |
| C5 | Control | 56.6 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5.03 | 4.83 | 73.3 |
| C6 | Control | 42.3 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.6 | 4.78 | 87.5 |
| C7 | Control | 34.1 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.84 | 4.72 | 64.7 |
| C8 | Control | 53.0 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | + | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.36 | 5.55 | 66.7 |
| C9 | Control | 48.7 | F | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.92 | 7.39 | 100 |
| C10 | Control | 56.5 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.92 | 3.27 | 83.3 |
| C11 | Control | 46.9 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.58 | 5.73 | 100 |
| C12 | Control | 38.4 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.7 | 4.75 | 100 |
| C13 | Control | 47.8 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.6 | 5.53 | −100 |
| C14 | Control | 25.2 | F | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.41 | 4.88 | 100 |
| C15 | Control | 19.9 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | + | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.4 | 5.14 | 12.5 |
| C16 | Control | 49.2 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.52 | 7.71 | 100 |
| C17 | Control | 69.4 | M | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.83 | 3.42 | 100 |
| P1 | CRPS to left hand | 42.4 | M | 1.2 | Wrist fracture | L wrist, hand | L UL | + | + | + | + | 7 | 7 | 8 | 1.9 | 12.2 | 50 |
| P2 | CRPS to left hand | 42.8 | M | 0.9 | Wrist injury | L hand | L UL | + | + | – | + | 8 | 4 | 4 | 10.6 | 12.3 | 83.3 |
| P3 | CRPS to left hand | 55.6 | M | 0.5 | Frozen shoulder | L wrist, hand | L UL | + | + | + | – | 9 | 8 | 9 | 2.06 | 4.13 | 83.3 |
| P4 | CRPS to left hand | 45.3 | M | 3.8 | Hand surgery | L wrist, hand | L UL | + | + | + | + | 7 | 8 | 8 | 1.8 | 2.55 | 4.3 |
| P5 | CRPS to left hand | 66.7 | M | 0.4 | Hand injury and infection | L wrist, D1, D2 | L hand | + | + | + | + | 2 | 9 | 7 | 0.88 | 4.31 | 73.9 |
| P6 | CRPS to left hand | 47.8 | M | 4.1 | Hand surgery | L D1, D4, D5 | L UL | – | + | + | + | 0 | 3 | 5 | 2.9 | 3.89 | 100 |
| P7 | CRPS to left hand | 41.9 | M | 14.9 | Hand trauma injury | L forearm, wrist, hand | L UL | + | + | + | + | 7 | 6 | 6 | 0.33 | 3.55 | 100 |
| P8 | CRPS to left hand | 29.2 | M | 1.8 | Hand injury | L UL | L UL | + | + | + | + | 6 | 7 | 5 | 0.76 | 2.06 | −100 |
| P9 | CRPS to right hand | 53.4 | M | 4.5 | Shoulder injury | R UL | R UL | – | + | – | + | 9 | 6 | 7 | 49.2 | 15.5 | 100 |
| P10 | CRPS to right hand | 38.1 | M | 0.4 | Hand and wrist injury | R wrist, hand | R UL | + | + | + | + | 8 | 6 | 5 | 6.925 | 2.925 | 85.7 |
| P11 | CRPS to right hand | 51.6 | M | 0.4 | Hand injury | R hand | R UL | + | + | + | + | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4.77 | 3.53 | 89.5 |
| P12 | CRPS to right hand | 34.7 | M | 2.9 | Hand fracture | R wrist, hand | R UL | + | + | + | + | 7 | 6 | 6 | 3.82 | 1.3 | 73.3 |
| P13 | CRPS to right hand | 48.7 | F | 2.6 | Wrist fracture and surgery | R wrist, hand | R wrist, hand | + | + | + | + | 8 | 7 | 7 | 12.59 | 4.94 | 100 |
| P14 | CRPS to right hand | 46.7 | M | 7.5 | Shoulder injury | R UL | R UL | – | + | + | + | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2.37 | 1.06 | 66.7 |
| P15 | CRPS to right hand | 56.8 | M | 14.6 | Arm injury | R UL | R UL | + | + | + | + | 10 | 3 | 3 | 3.07 | 0.9 | 100 |
| P16 | CRPS to right hand | 26.6 | M | 1.9 | Wrist fracture | R wrist, D2, D3, D4 | R UL | + | + | + | + | 7 | 6 | 3 | 3.1 | 0.98 | −66.7 |
| P17 | CRPS to right hand | 21.4 | F | 2.6 | Wrist and hand trauma injury with surgery | R wrist, hand | R hand, arm | + | + | + | + | 0 | 4 | 5 | 4.79 | 3.84 | 100 |
| P18 | CRPS to right hand | 44.9 | M | 18.3 | Road traffic accident | R UL | R UL | + | + | + | + | 9 | 8 | 8 | 3.63 | 2.45 | 64.7 |
aPain location indicates the self-reported location of pain sensations. Location of other CRPS symptoms' describes the location of all other sensory and motor symptoms (including allodynia). D1-D5, Affected digit; hand, whole hand (including all digits); UL, whole upper limb (shoulder, arm, wrist, hand, fingers). Range of motion, motor weakness, tremor, allodynia: −, No abnormality; +, presence of a symptom. Intensity of pain to the upper limb during scans was evaluated on a Likert scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). The laterality score is derived from the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and ranges from −100 (left-hand dominant) to 100 (right-hand dominant).