TABLE 1.
Summary of characteristics of prospective cohort studies assessing the associations between dietary pulses with or without other legumes and cardiometabolic disease outcomes in participants free of the disease at baseline1
| Cardiometabolic disease outcome | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | CVD incidence | CVD mortality | CHD incidence | CHD mortality | MI incidence | Stroke incidence | Stroke mortality | Diabetes incidence | Hypertension incidence | Obesity incidence |
| Cohorts, n | 6 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 1 |
| Cohort comparisons, n | 7 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 1 |
| Geographic regions (cohorts, n) | Asia (1) | Asia (2) | Asia (2) | Asia (2) | Asia (1) | Asia (1) | Asia (2) | Asia (1) | Europe (2) | North America |
| Europe (2) | Europe (5) | Europe (3) | Europe (3) | North America (1) | Europe (2) | Europe (3) | Europe (3) | North America (4) | ||
| Middle East (1) | Middle East (1) | North America (3) | Middle East (1) | Several regions2 (1) | North America (3) | Middle East (1) | Middle East (1) | Middle East (1) | ||
| North America (1) | North America (1) | North America (2) | Several regions2 (1) | North America (2) | ||||||
| Several regions2 (1) | Oceania (1) | Oceania (1) | ||||||||
| Several regions2 (1) | ||||||||||
| Unique participants, n | 231,353 | 940,756 | 306,814 | 224,592 | 202,528 | 342,079 | 168,504 | 259,325 | 288,352 | 18,146 |
| Men:women, % | 42:58 | 37:63 | 31:69 | 36:64 | 42:58 | 40:60 | 43:57 | 10:90 | 21:79 | 0:100 |
| Median age (range), y | 51 (18–101) | 57 (35–85) | 54 (18–101) | 56 (20–86) | 52 (35–70) | 54 (30–75) | 57 (35–85) | 55 (20–80) | 52 (18–90) | ≥45 |
| Median follow-up (range), y | 9 (7–19) | 9 (6–16) | 10 (5–26) | 9 (6–26) | 10 (6–13) | 22 (7–26) | 9 (7–26) | 6 (4–18) | 9 (3–26) | 16 |
| Cases, n | 10,261 | 16,186 | 7786 | 3331 | 2585 | 8570 | 2384 | 10,457 | 83,284 | 8125 |
| Outcome assessment methods (cohorts, n) | Medical records (6) | Medical records (11) | Medical records (8) | Medical records (8) | Medical records (3) | Medical records (7) | Medical records (6) | Medical records (4) | Medical records (3) | Self-report |
| Self-report (3) | Self-report (4) | |||||||||
| NR (1) | ||||||||||
| Exposure3 (cohorts, n) | Pulses (3) | Pulses (3) | Pulses (2) | Pulses (1) | Pulses (3) | Pulses (2) | Pulses (1) | Pulses (1) | Pulses (5) | Pulses + other legumes |
| Pulses + other legumes (3) | Pulses + other legumes (8) | Pulses + other legumes (6) | Pulses + other legumes (7) | Pulses + other legumes (0) | Pulses + other legumes (5) | Pulses + other legumes (5) | Pulses + other legumes (7) | Pulses + other legumes (2) | ||
| Diet assessment methods (cohorts, n) | FFQ (1) | FFQ (1) | FFQ (1) | FFQ (1) | vFFQ (2) | vFFQ (2) | FFQ (1) | FFQ (1) | vSFFQ (4) | vSFFQ |
| vFFQ (2) | vFFQ (3) | vSFFQ (2) | vFFQ (1) | vSFFQ (1) | vSFFQ (2) | vFFQ (1) | vSFFQ (3) | SFFQ, interviewer administered (1) | ||
| vSFFQ (3) | vFFQ, interviewer administered (1) | SFFQ, interviewer administered (1) | vSFFQ (3) | SFFQ, interviewer administered (1) | vSFFQ (1) | vSFFQ, interviewer administered (3) | vSFFQ, interviewer administered (1) | |||
| vSFFQ (2) | vSFFQ, interviewer administered (4) | vSFFQ, interviewer administered (3) | vSFFQ, interviewer administered (1) | vSFFQ, interviewer administered (3) | Modified diet history method (1) | 24-h dietary record (1) | ||||
| vSFFQ, interviewer administered (3) | Diet history interview (1) | |||||||||
| Several methods4 (1) | ||||||||||
| Median lowest quantile of dietary pulse or legume intake (range), g/d | 5.9 (0.0–8.4) | 5.0 (0.0–14) | 8.5 (0.0–20.9) | 7.0 (3.0–10.7) | 0 (—) | 6.8 (0.0–7.6) | 5.7 (3.0–8.3) | 7.3 (0.0–20.2) | 2.0 (0.0–13.5) | 16.2 |
| Median highest quantile of dietary pulse or legume intake (range), g/d | 80.9 (36.0–213) | 27.8 (25.0–213) | 62.8 (16.4–295.6) | 43.0 (26.0–74.7) | 213 (—) | 55.3 (40.3–213) | 32.1 (26.0–53.8) | 46.9 (28.8–125.4) | 75.2 (43.9–162.8) | 75.8 |
| Funding sources5 (cohorts, n) | Agency (4) | Agency (6) | Agency (8) | Agency (7) | Agency (2) | Agency (6) | Agency (5) | Agency (5) | Agency (7) | Agency |
| Agency–industry (1) | Agency–industry (3) | Agency–industry (1) | Agency–industry (1) | Agency–industry (1) | Agency–industry (1) | Agency–industry (2) | ||||
| NR (1) | NR (2) | NR (1) | ||||||||
CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction; NR, not reported; SFFQ, semiquantitative FFQ; vFFQ, validated FFQ; vSFFQ, validated semiquantitative FFQ.
The PURE cohort study (44) was conducted in Canada, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Poland, South Africa, Turkey, China, Colombia, Iran, occupied Palestinian territory, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Zimbabwe.
Studies included under “Pulses” included those reporting only chickpeas, lentils, beans, and/or peas in the exposure. Studies included under “Pulses + other legumes” included those reporting “legumes” without differentiating the legume type or which included other types of legumes in the exposure in addition to pulses (e.g., soybeans, soy products, peanuts, fresh peas, and/or fresh beans). (Note: if a study included beans and peas in the exposure and did not specify whether they were fresh and/or dry, the study was categorized under “Pulses.”)
Several validated dietary assessment tools including SFFQs, FFQs, quantitative dietary questionnaires, and/or food records.
Agency funding is that from government, university, or not-for-profit sources. Industry funding is that from trade organizations that obtain revenue from the sale of products.