TABLE 1.
Polar lipid content in mature human milk and starter infant formulas1
| Ganglioside subspecies | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SM | PC | PE | PI | PS | GD3 | GM3 | |
| Human milk, mg/100 mL2 | 3–14 | 2–11 | 0.2–9 | 0.2–3.3 | 0.8–4.5 | 0.01–2.0 | 0.06–2.1 |
| Milk-based infant formula (n = 4), mg/100 mL3,4 | 1.6–3.4 | 4.3–15.9 | 2.6–7.2 | 1.8–12.7 | NA | NA | NA |
| MFGM-enriched infant formula (n = 3), mg/100 mL3,5 | 7–14.2 | 20.1–46.6 | 8.5–29.6 | 8.8–22.0 | NA | 1.3–3.4 | <0.005–0.11 |
1MFGM, milk fat globule membrane; NA, not analyzed; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI, phosphatidylinositol; PS, phosphatidylserine; SM, sphingomyelin.
2Range for polar lipid content in mature human milk from different countries in Europe, Asia, and North America (references cited in article text).
3Range for polar lipids measured in infant formulas. The results on powder product were converted in 100 mL of formula as consumed using the formulas’ minimum and maximum amount according to instructions on packaging.
4Four bovine milk-based formulas from different brands manufactured in Asia (India, Singapore, and Thailand) (133).
5Five MFGM-enriched formulas from 2 brands manufactured in Asia (Hong Kong and Thailand) (internal data; each formula analyzed minimum in duplicate).