Figure 1.

(a) Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem study area in northwestern Montana, USA where growth rates of an expanding grizzly bear population were estimated during 2004–2012. State-space specified for the spatial capture-recapture models extended 45 km beyond the area where bear rubs were sampled. (b) Locations of naturally-occurring bear rub sites where the grizzly population was sampled by collecting hair for genetic determination of individuals 2004, 2009, 2010–2012. Maps were created from the USGS National Elevation Dataset⁵⁸ using ArcMap 10.2.