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. 2019 Nov 14;9:16804. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52783-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Annual local rates of change in grizzly bear population density within the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem in northwestern Montana 2004–2012. Population trend was calculated as the annual geometric rate of change in grizzly bear density (D) between 2 years. Rate of population change was calculated for each 16 km² state space pixel defined by our spatial capture-recapture model. The estimate area was smaller for 2004 than in subsequent years because few bear rubs were found along the eastern edge of the study area that year. Local density should only be inferred for the area sampled. Growth rates > 1.0 denote areas of population growth; rates < 1.0 denote areas of population decline.