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. 2019 Nov 14;9:16802. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53191-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Confirmation of reproducibility of TIPRL, LC3 and CD133 as HCC biomarkers. (a) Using a different IHC cohort (Supplementary Tables 4 and 5), the levels of TIPRL, LC3, CD46 and CD133 were quantified using the ZEN program. Statistical differences (*P < 0.05; ***P < 0.0001) were calculated by a paired t-test, and % differences are shown. (n), the number of samples is indicated. (b–f) The correlations between levels of TIPRL, LC3, CD46 and CD133 were determined by the Spearman correlation equation. Single dots indicate an individual sample. (g) Diagnostic efficacies of TIPRL, LC3, CD133 and CD46 were determined by the ROC analysis. AUC, area under the curve. (h) Our study shows that the combination of TIPRL contributing to drug resistance with the cancer stem marker CD133 and autophagy marker LC3 produces novel HCC biomarkers. These biomarkers show more significant diagnostic efficacies than the CD46 currently being used as a liver cancer marker.