Table 2.
PTX3 in human chronic bone diseases.
| References | Model | Biological sample | Pathophysiological context/experimental condition | Biological effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pradeep et al. (46) and Fujita et al. (47) | in vivo | GCF & plasma | Gingivitis and periodontitis | PTX3 levels increase during disease progression |
| Gumus et al. (48) | in vivo | Saliva & serum | Periodontitis | PTX3 levels correlate with periodontal tissue inflammation |
| Lakshmanan et al. (49) | in vivo | Gingival tissue | Periodontitis | PTX3 concentration is higher in aggressive as compared to chronic periodontitis |
| Leira et al. (50) | in vivo | Serum | Periodontitis-Chronic Migraine (PD-CM) | Increased PTX3 levels as compared to CM without PD |
| Temelli et al. (58) | in vivo | Serum | Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | PTX3 levels positively correlate with periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) in CAD(-) groups |
| Leira et al. (59) | in vivo | Serum | Lacunar Infarct (LI) | PTX3 levels positively correlate with PISA in patients with poor prognosis |
| Surlin et al. (60) | in vivo | GCF | Orthodontic tooth movement | PTX3 levels increase at early time points |
| Luchetti et al. (51) | in vitro | Synoviocytes | RA & OA | PTX3 levels increase in OA cells upon TNF-α stimulation, while they are constitutively elevated in RA cells |
| ex vivo | Synovial tissue | RA & OA | High PTX3 immunoreactivity in RA tissue as compared to controls | |
| Yokota et al. (52) | in vitro | FLS | RA | PTX3 expression is inhibited by simvastatin treatment |
| Satomura et al. (53) | in vitro | Synoviocytes | RA | PTX3 expression is induced by serum amyloid A |
| Padeh et al. (54) | in vivo | SF | Juvenile idiopathic arthritis | Higher PTX3 levels associate with disease severity and prognosis |
| Choi et al. (56) | in vitro | GCC | Advanced gastric cancer | PTX3 expression is induced by TNF-α via NF-kB; PTX3 enhances tumor cell migration and macrophage recruitment |
| Choi et al. (57) | ex vivo | Metastatic tissues | Metastatic breast cancer | Elevated PTX3 expression correlates with poor survival |
| in vitro | BM-BCCL | Metastatic breast cancer | High PTX3 levels. PTX3 silencing prevents BM-BCC migration, macrophage chemotaxis, and oc formation |
GCF, gingival crevicular fluid; PDL, Periodontal Ligament; RA, Rheumatoid Arthritis; OA, Osteoarthritis; FLS, Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes; SF, Synovial Fluid; GCC, Gastric Cancer Cells; BM-BCCL, Bone Metastatic-Breast Cancer Cell line; Oc, osteoclast.