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. 2019 Nov 14;9:16827. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53394-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Plant ceramide-dependent release of EVs promotes Aβ clearance. Mass spectrometry analysis of total amounts of GSL-glycans (a) and relative GSL-glycan compositions (b) in EVs collected from control or ceramide-treated SH-SY5Y cell cultures. (c) Immunolabelling for Aβ on EVs derived from ceramide-treated cell cultures. Representative electron microscopic images are shown. Scale bar, 100 nm. (d) Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence to quantify amyloid fibrils in EVs collected from SH-SY5Y cell cultures (1 × 10⁷ cells) incubated with soluble Aβ and incubated for 24 h. ELISA measurements of total (e) and EVs-associated (f) Aβ levels in media from control and treated APP-expressing SH-SY5Y cells. (g) Aβ levels in medium from transwell cultured APP-expressing SH-SY5Y and BV-2 cells. Values are the means ± SEMs. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 by t tests.