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. 2019 Nov 14;9:16827. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53394-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Plant GlcCer attenuates inflammation and cognitive impairment in APP mice. (a) Levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the cerebral cortices of APP mice administered purified GlcCer or vehicle were measured by ELISA (n = 10 animals, 6 males and 4 females, each group). (b) Representative hippocampal sections of GlcCer- or vehicle-treated APP mice stained with antibody against synaptophysin. Scale bars, 100 µm. (c) Densities of synaptophysin-positive presynaptic terminals in the hippocampal sections (two sections/mouse, five mice, 3 males and 2 females, per group). Spontaneous alternation (d) and numbers of arm entries (e) of GlcCer- and vehicle-treated APP mice (n = 15 animals, 8 males and 7 females, each) and age-matched wild-type mice (n = 5, all males) in the Y-maze to evaluate spatial memory. The data represent the means ± SDs. ns, not significant; *P < 0.05 by t tests.