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. 2019 Nov 14;9:16827. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53394-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Plant GlcCer alters levels of EVs in serum and brain. Numbers of EVs (a) and exosomal expression of NCAM-1 (b) from serum samples of control or GlcCer-treated wild-type mice (n = 5, all males, each group). (c,d) NCAM-1, L1CAM, and Aβ42 levels in serum EVs of 13-month old APP mice, which were administrated GlcCer or vehicle (n = 5, 3 males and 2 females, each group). (e) NCAM-1, L1CAM, and Aβ were detected in sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation fractions of GlcCer- and vehicle-treated APP mouse brains. (f) Histogram of the size of EVs in fractions 3, 4 and 5 from panel (e). (g) Exosome-associated Aß fibrils in fractions 3, 4 and 5 from panel e were measured by PS-capture exosome ELISA and amyloid fibril-specific antibody (n = 5, 3 males and 2 females, each group). Data are the means ± SDs. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by t tests.