Table 2. Average pain severity before and after the intervention in the 4 groups (visual analog scale [VAS] score).
| Variable | Ginger | Vitamin D | Vitamin E | Placebo | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-intervention | 7.08±0.8 | 7.01±0.11 | 7.20±0.64 | 7.24±0.56 | 0.520 |
| First month post-intervention | 3.72±1.39 | 5.44±1.40 | 5.84±0.84 | 6.48±0.71 | <0.001 |
| Second month post-intervention | 3.20±1.28 | 5.20±1.34 | 5.32±0.68 | 6.0±0.70 | <0.001 |
| VAS change 1st | 3.36±1.13a),b),c) | 1.56±0.90a),e) | 1.36±0.56b),f) | 0.76±0.84c),e),f) | <0.001 |
| VAS change 2nd | 3.88±1.00a),b),c) | 1.8±0.85a),e) | 1.88±0.59b),f) | 1.24±0.89c),e),f) | <0.001 |
VAS change 1st, amount of reduction in the VAS score in the first month compared with that at pre-intervention; VAS change 2nd, amount of reduction in the VAS score in the second month compared with that at pre-intervention.
a)Significant difference between the ginger and vitamin D groups derived using the Tukey test (P<0.05); b)Significant difference between the ginger and vitamin E groups derived using the Tukey test (P<0.05); c)Significant difference between the ginger and placebo groups derived using the Tukey test (P<0.05); d)Significant difference between the vitamin D and vitamin E groups derived using the Tukey test (P<0.05); e)Significant difference between the vitamin D and placebo groups derived using the Tukey test (P<0.05); f)Significant difference between the vitamin E and placebo groups derived using the Tukey test (P<0.05).