Table 1.

Exosome-related therapy targets for MM patients

Target	Property in exosomes	Source	Expression pattern	Function	Ref.
miR-15a	miRNA	BM-MSCs	Down-regulated	Inhibit MM cell proliferation	8
miR-146a	miRNA	BM-MSCs	Up-regulated	Stimulate the production of more cytokines that promote the growth of MM cells, including CXCL1, IL-6, IL-8, IP10, MCP-1, and CCL-5	10
miR-135b	miRNA	MM cells	Up-regulated	Suppress factor-inhibiting hypoxia inducible factor 1 (FIH-1) in endothelial cells directly	12
miR-34a	miRNA	MM cancer stem cells (CSCs)	Down-regulated	Inhibit cell proliferation, colony formation, and increase CSC apoptosis in vitro	20
miR-34a	miRNA	MM cells	Down-regulated	Trigger growth inhibition and apoptosis in MM cells	21
miR-21	miRNA	MM cells	Up-regulated	MiR-21 inhibitors trigger significant growth inhibition of primary MM cells or IL-6-dependent/-independent MM cells	22
miR-125b-5p	miRNA	MM cells	Down-regulated	Impair MM cell growth and survival in vitro	23
miR-137/197	miRNA	MM cells	Down-regulated	Reduce MCL-1 protein expression, alter apoptosis-related gene expression, and induce apoptosis and inhibit viability, colony formation, and migration in MM cells	24
Heparanase	Protein	MM cells	Up-regulated	Regulate tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance	29
STT0001	Chemically modified heparin	--------	--------	Inhibit myeloma growth in vivo effectively and cause changes within tumors that are consistent with the compound's ability to inhibit heparanase	30
Ceramide	Sphingolipid	--------	--------	Dose-dependently inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in human MM OPM2 cells and increase exosomal levels of tumor-suppressive miRNAs (miR-202, miR-16, miR-29b, and miR-15a)	32