Table 1.
Comparison of demographic, clinical, and neuropsychiatric domains of orthostatic tremor patients versus HCs.
| Orthostatic tremor patients (N = 14) | HCs (N = 14) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | 65.0 (66.9) ± 13.9 | 63.3 (65.0) ± 12.9 | 0.740a |
| Sex (female) | 12 (85.7%) | 9 (64.3%) | 0.190 |
| Education in years | 8.0 (8.0) ± 4.9 | 10.0 (10.0) ± 3.3 | 0.205a |
| Depressive symptoms | |||
| 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale total score | 7.1 (6.0) ± 6.7 | 7.6 (7.0) ± 6.4 | 0.843a |
| On medications with central nervous system effects | 1 (7.1%) | 4 (28.6%) | 0.326 |
| Age at onset, years | 55.6 (60.0) ± 14.7 | – | |
| Disease duration, years | 9.5 (7.2) ± 6.9 | – | |
| EuroQol‐5D index score | 0.8 (0.7) ± 0.2 | – | |
| EuroQol visual analogue scale | 68.2 (77.5) ± 24.5 | ||
| Cognitive domains | |||
| Attention | |||
| Direct Digit Span subtest from the WAIS‐III | 5.2 (5.0) ± 1.5 | 7.2 (6.5) ± 2.6 | 0.035b |
| Coding‐Digit Symbol subtest from the WAIS‐III | 39.0 (28.5) ± 31.4 | 167.1 (73.0) ± 240.5 | 0.013b |
| Executive function | |||
| Stroop Color–Word Trial | 24.6 (22.0) ± 13.9 | 30.2 (36.5) ± 15.7 | 0.346a |
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Test | |||
| Perseverations | 34.3 (26.0) ± 29.3 | 33.8 (28.5) ± 30.5 | 0.964a |
| Nonperseverative errors | 66.6 (69.0) ± 26.4 | 36.3 (24.5) ± 27.2 | 0.007a |
| Similarities subtest from the WAIS‐III | 11.4 (9.5) ± 4.9 | 23.2 (19.5) ± 10.0 | <0.001b |
| Indirect Digit Span subtest from the WAIS‐III | 3.1 (3.0) ± 1.3 | 4.8 (5.0) ± 1.2 | 0.002b |
| Controlled Oral Word Association Test | 26.1 (26.5) ± 21.8 | 38.1 (41.0) ± 15.0 | 0.102a |
| Tower of London (time of execution in seconds) | 551.0 (492.5) ± 307.9 | 258.4 (229.5) ± 214.6 | 0.011b |
| Frontal Battery Assessment | 14.3 (15.0) ± 3.2 | 18.4 (17.0) ± 5.2 | 0.022b |
| Visuospatial ability | |||
| Benton Judgment of Line Orientation Test | 8.3 (8.5) ± 3.2 | 14.0 (10.5) ± 10.1 | 0.085b |
| Hooper Visual Organization Test | 28.6 (29.0) ± 14.3 | 44.3 (46.5) ± 9.6 | 0.002a |
| Verbal memory | |||
| WMS‐III Word List | |||
| Learning trials total | 26.3 (24.0) ± 7.2 | 24.4 (28.0) ± 13.4 | 0.653a |
| Immediate recall | 5.0 (4.5) ± 2.4 | 11.3 (8.5) ± 7.9 | 0.002b |
| Delayed recall | 4.6 (4.0) ± 2.8 | 6.9 (7.0) ± 2.5 | 0.032a |
| Recognition | 19.8 (20.5) ± 4.0 | 19.1 (22.0) ± 7.7 | 0.401b |
| Visual memory | |||
| Brief Visuospatial Memory Test‐Revised | |||
| Learning trials | 15.1 (10.5) ± 12.3 | 24.7 (31.0) ± 11.9 | 0.031b |
| Delayed recall trial | 5.5 (4.5) ± 4.8 | 12.6 (12.0) ± 5.2 | 0.001b |
| Recognition trial | 11.7 (12.0) ± 0.5 | 11.1 (12.0) ± 1.9 | 0.804b |
| Language | |||
| Boston Naming Test | 41.0 (37.0) ± 11.1 | 51.9 (53.5) ± 11.3 | 0.014b |
| Total number of animals as possible in 1 minute | 15.0 (13.0) ± 7.6 | 26.5 (27.0) ± 9.6 | 0.001b |
Mean (median) ± SD and frequency (%) are reported. aStudent’s t tests or bMann–Whitney U test were used for comparisons of continuous data; chi‐square test for sex and Fisher exact test for the intake of medications with central nervous system effects. WAIS‐III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Third Edition. WMS‐III = Wechsler Memory Scale‐Third Edition. Significantly different values are in bold font.