Table 1.

Thoracoscapular shoulder model muscle parameters adapted from Klein Breteler et al. (1999) with aggregated bundles from by van der Helm (1994a).

Muscle	Group	Max isometric force	Optimal fiber length	Tendon slack length	Pennation Angle	van der Helm bundles
Trapezius	Scapula superior	1043	0.1127	0.027	0	1–6
	Scapula middle	470.4	0.0832	0.032	0	7–9
	Scapula inferior	414.4	0.1264	0.035	0	10-12
	Clavicle	201.6	0.1116	0.027	0	C1-C2
Serratus anterior	Superior	387.8	0.0945	0.000	0	9-12
	Middle	508	0.1538	0.012	0	5-8
	Inferior	430	0.1587	0.000	0	1–4
Rhomboideus	Superior	200.2	0.0986	0.015	0	1–2
	Inferior	407.4	0.1152	0.028	0	3–4
Levator scapulae		280	0.1578	0.019	0	All
Coracobrachialis		648.2	0.0683	0.104	0	All
Deltoideus	Anterior	707.7	0.0940	0.088	5	C1–C4
	Middle	2597.8	0.0748	0.064	5	4–11
	Posterior	1324.4	0.0949	0.076	5	1–3
Latissimus Dorsi	Superior	201.6	0.2109	0.081	0	1–2
	Middle	315	0.2656	0.095	0	3–4
	Inferior	270.2	0.3062	0.062	0	5–6
Pectoralis Major	Clavicle	408.8	0.1087	0.014	0	C1–C2
	Thorax middle	683.2	0.1500	0.026	0	4–6
	Thorax inferior	571.2	0.1830	0.043	0	1–3
Teres Major		851.2	0.1410	0.006	0	All
Infraspinatus	Superior	967.4	0.0698	0.050	0	4–6
	Inferior	1037.4	0.0677	0.084	0	1–3
Pectoralis minor		429.8	0.1183	0.032	0	All
Teres minor		695.8	0.0550	0.051	0	All
Subscapularis	Superior	540.4	0.0676	0.059	5	1–3
	Middle	609	0.0744	0.055	5	4–5,10
	Inferior	854	0.0721	0.059	0	6–9, 11
Supraspinatus	Anterior	543.2	0.0554	0.031	0	3–4
	Posterior	326.2	0.0591	0.025	0	1–2
Triceps long		1580.6	0.0969	0.241	10	All
Biceps	Long	485.8	0.1412	0.257	0	All
	Brevis	693	0.1264	0.212	0	All