Figure 2.

Impact of AOH on IL‐8 and IL‐1β cytokine gene transcription levels in differentiated Caco‐2 cells after 5 h (A) and 20 h (B) of incubation. IL‐1β (25 ng mL⁻¹) is used as a positive control for proinflammatory effects and dexamethasone (Dex) as a control for potential anti‐inflammatory effects. Values are the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments and presented as relative gene transcription (2^−ΔΔC _T) normalized to β‐actin and GAPDH and compared to the solvent control (1% DMSO, y = 1). Significant differences of the test concentrations were calculated by Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA and one‐way ANOVA for (A) and (B), respectively. Significances compared to the solvent control were calculated with Mann–Whitney U test (A) and a two‐sample t‐test (B; *p < 0.05).