Figure 3.

IL‐1β‐induced relative gene transcription levels of IL‐8, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and IL‐1β in differentiated Caco‐2 cells after AOH treatment. Caco‐2 monolayers were pre‐incubated for 2 h with AOH or Dex and additionally stimulated with IL‐1β (25 ng mL⁻¹) for further 3 (A) or 18 h (B). Dexamethasone (Dex) is used as a potential positive control for anti‐inflammatory effects. Shown values are the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments and presented as relative gene transcription (2^−ΔΔC _T) normalized to β‐actin and GAPDH and compared to IL‐1β stimulated cells (calibrator, y = 1). Significant differences among the test concentrations were calculated by one‐way ANOVA (p < 0.05, a–d). Statistical differences compared to the IL‐1β stimulus were calculated with a two‐sample t‐test (*p; **p; ***p < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001).