. 2019 Oct 17;9(26):8026–8047. doi: 10.7150/thno.38261

Table 1.

Representative formulations for nanomedicine-mediated cancer starvation therapy described in this review.

Strategies	Materials	Therapeutics	Administration route	Treatments	Tumor models	Ref.
Antiangiogenesis-related cancer starvation therapy	α_vβ₃-integrin targeted perfluorocarbon NPs	Docetaxel-prodrug	i.v. injection	Antiangiogenesis therapy	Vx2 tumor bearing rabbits	54
	Chitosan NPs	Ursolic acid	Oral administration	Antiangiogenesis therapy	H22 tumor bearing mice	145
	PGA-PTX-E-[c(RGDfK)₂]	PTX	i.v. injection	Antiangiogenesis therapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	57
	Recombinant human endostatin conjugated AuNPs	Recombinant human endostatin	Subcutaneous injection	Antiangiogenesis therapy	SW620 tumor bearing mice	146
	MSNs	Tanshinone IIA	i.v. injection	Antiangiogenesis therapy	HT-29 tumor bearing mice	53
	M-MSN@PEI-PEG-KALA NPs	anti-VEGF siRNA	i.v. injection	Antiangiogenic gene therapy	A549 tumor bearing mice	43
	α_vβ₃-integrin-targeted lipid-encapsulated NPs	Fumagillin prodrug and zoledronic acid	i.v. injection	Dual antiangiogenic therapy	Vx2 tumor bearing rabbits	55
	Thiolated-glycol chitosan formed NPs	Bevacizumab and poly- anti-VEGF siRNA	i.v. injection	Dual antiangiogenic therapy	A431 tumor bearing mice	65
	Polymer-lipid hybrid NPs	DOX and MMC	i.v. injection	Antiangiogenesis therapy and chemotherapy	MDA-MB 435/LCC6/WT tumor bearing mice and MDA-MB 435/LCC6/MDR1 tumor bearing mice	34
	pH and thermo-responsive MSNs	DOX and MTX	i.v. or oral administration	Antiangiogenesis therapy and chemotherapy	OSCC tumor bearing mice	62
	PEGylated lipid bilayer-supported MSNs	AXT and CST	i.v. injection	Antiangiogenesis therapy and chemotherapy	SCC7 tumor bearing mice	147
	MMP-2 responsive mPEG-peptide diblock copolymer (PPDC) NPs	CPT and Sorafenib	i.v. injection every	Antiangiogenesis therapy and chemotherapy	HT-29 tumor bearing mice	63
	pH-sensitive poly(beta-amino ester) copolymer NPs	DOX and Cur	i.v. injection	Antiangiogenesis therapy and chemotherapy	SMMC 7721 tumor bearing mice	64
	Captopril-polyethyleneimine conjugated AuNPs	Captopril and siRNA	i.v. injection	Antiangiogenesis and gene therapy	MDA-MB-435 tumor bearing mice	66
	Calcium phosphate NPs	anti-VEGF shRNA and yCDglyTK	Intraperitoneal or intratumoral administration	Antiangiogenic gene therapy and suicide gene therapy	SGC7901 tumor bearing mice	67
	CTX-coupled SNALP-formulated anti-miR-21 oligonucleotides	CTX and anti-miR-21	i.v. or oral administration	Antiangiogenesis therapy and gene therapy	GBM tumor bearing mice	68
	RhoJ antibody modified Au@I NPs	RhoJ antibody	i.v. injection	Antiangiogenesis therapy and radiotherapy	Patient-derived tumor xenografts	61
	AuNPs	anti-VEGF siRNA	Intratumoral injection and laser irritation (655 nm)	Antiangiogenic gene therapy and photothermal therapy	PC-3 tumor bearing mice	31
	Near infrared probe iron oxide NPs	Bevacizumab	i.v. injection	Antiangiogenesis therapy and imaging	4T1 tumor bearing mice	58
	Sorafenib and Ce6 formed carrier-free NPs	Sorafenib and Ce6	i.v. injection and laser irritation (660 nm)	Antiangiogenesis therapy and photodynamic therapy	HSC3 tumor bearing mice	72
VDAs-based cancer starvation therapy
	DOX-PLGA-conjugate NPs	Free CA4 and DOX	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and chemotherapy	Lewis lung carcinoma xenografts and B16F10 tumor bearing mice	23
	LyP-1 coated liposomes	Free Ombrabulin and DOX	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and chemotherapy	MDA-MB-435 tumor bearing mice	74
	Poly(L-glutamic acid)-g-mPEG NPs	Free CA4P and CDDP	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and chemotherapy	MDA-MB-435 tumor bearing mice	75
	A15-PGA-CDDP NPs	Free DMXAA and CDDP	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and chemotherapy	C26 tumor bearing mice	42
	CA4-NPs	CA4	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy	C26 tumor bearing mice	28
	mPEG-b-PHEA-DMXAA conjugate NPs	DMXAA and DOX	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and chemotherapy	MCF-7 tumor bearing mice	76
	CA4-NPs	CA4 and TPZ	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and chemotherapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	27
	CA4-NPs and MMP9-DOX-NPs	CA4 and DOX	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and chemotherapy	4T1 and C26 tumor bearing mice	78
Vascular blockade-induced cancer starvation therapy	CREKA modified IONPs and CRKDKC modified iron oxide nanoworms	Two tumor-homing peptide of CREKA and CRKDKC	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy	22Rv1 tumor bearing mice	88
	DNA nanorobots	Thrombin	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy	MDA-MB-231 tumor bearing mice	26
	PVP-modified Mg₂Si NPs	Mg₂Si	Intratumoral injection	Starvation therapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	11
	TPZ-MNPs	Mg₂Si and TPZ	Intratumoral injection	Starvation therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	38
GOx-mediated cancer starvation therapy	GOx-MnO₂@HA NPs	GOx and MnO₂	Intratumoral injection	Starvation therapy	CT-26 tumor bearing mice	98
	Large pore-sized dendritic silica NPs	GOx and Fe₃O₄ NPs	Intratumoral or i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and oxidation therapy	4T1 and U87 tumor xenografts	106
	PEG-b-P(PBEM-co-PEM) NPs	GOx and QM	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and oxidation therapy	A549 tumor bearing mice	101
	Poly(FBMA-co-OEGMA) nanogels	GOx	Intratumoral injection	Starvation therapy and oxidation therapy	C8161 tumor bearing mice	96
	Fe₅C₂-GOx@MnO₂ NCs	GOx, Fe₅C₂ and MnO₂	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and oxidation therapy	U14 and 4T1 tumor bearing mice	107
	GOx-CPO@ZIF-8@NM NPs	GOx and CPO	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and oxidation therapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	109
	ATP-responsive GOx@ZIF@MPN NPs	GOx and Fe(III)/Fe(II)	Intratumoral injection e	Starvation therapy and oxidation therapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	108
	FDMSNs@GOx@HA	GOx and Ferrocene	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and oxidation therapy	HeLa tumor bearing mouse	148
	GOx@PCPT-NR	GOx and CPT prodrug	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and chemotherapy	A549 tumor bearing mice	41
	Mem@GOx@ZIF-8@BDOX) NPs	GOx and BDOX	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and chemotherapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	99
	MSNs-GOx/PLL/HA	GOx and PTX	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and chemotherapy	HepG2 tumor bearing mice	149
	Yolk-shell tetrasulfide bond bridged dendritic MONs	GOx and AQ4N	Intratumoral injection o	Starvation therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	33
	TGZ@eM NRs	GOx and TPZ	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy	CT26 tumor bearing mice	13
	HA-coated CaCO₃ NPs	GOx and TPZ	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy	CT26 tumor bearing mice	100
	Liposomes	GOx and AQ4N	Intratumoral injection	Starvation therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	30
	BCE_TPZ@(GOx+CAT)	GOx, CAT and TPZ	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy	EMT-6 tumor bearing mice	94
	GOx conjugated polymer dots	GOx	Intratumoral injection and laser irritation (460 nm)	Starvation therapy and photodynamic therapy	MCF-7 tumor bearing mice	115
	Mem@catalase@GOx@PCN-224 bioreactor	GOx, CAT and TCPP	i.v. injection and laser irritation (660 nm)	Starvation therapy and photodynamic therapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	44
	HMSNs	GOx and Ce6	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and photodynamic therapy	B16F10 metastatic tumor bearing mice	32
	Hollow-MnO₂-GOx-Ce6@CM	GOx, MnO₂ and Ce6	i.v. injection and laser irritation (655 nm)	Starvation therapy and photodynamic therapy	B16F10 tumor bearing mice	150
	rMGB	GOx, MnO₂ and Ce6	i.v. injection and laser irridation (660 nm)	Starvation therapy and photodynamic therapy	4T1 cancer bearing mice	120
	PEGylate HA-functionalized PHPBNs	GOx	i.v. injection and NIR laser irritation (808 nm)	Starvation therapy and photothermal therapy	HepG2 tumor bearing mice	121
	BSA-directed two-dimensional MnO₂ nanosheet	MnO₂	i.v. injection and NIR laser irritation (808 nm)	Starvation therapy and photothermal therapy	U87MG tumor bearing mice	122
	GOx-conjugated silver nanocubes	GOx and Ag ions	Intratumoral injection	Starvation therapy and metal ion therapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	113
	HMONs	L-Arg and GOx	Intratumoral injection	Starvation therapy and gas therapy	U87MG tumor bearing mice	46
	CMSNs	GOx and anti-PD-1	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and immunotherapy	B16F10 tumor bearing mice	47
	Fe₃O₄@PPy@GOx NCs.	GOx, Fe₃O₄ NPs and PPy	i.v. injection and NIR laser irradiation (808 or 1064 nm)	Starvation therapy, oxidation therapy and photodynamic therapy	4T1 tumor bearing mice	45
	CPT@MOF(Fe)-GOx	GOx, Fe³⁺ and CPT	Intratumoral injection	Starvation therapy, oxidation therapy and chemotherapy	HeLa tumor bearing mice	151
	MGH nanoamplifier	GOx and MIL-100	i.v. injection, NIR laser irradiation (808 nm)	Starvation therapy, oxidation therapy, photothermal therapy and imaging	4T1 tumor bearing mice	110
Other strategies for cancer starvation therapy	HDL-AuNPs	HDL	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy	B-cell lymphoma xenografts	39
	HDL-AuNPs	HDL	i.v. injection	Starvation therapy and immunotherapy	LLC tumor bearing mice and melanoma metastatic lung colonization mice model	140
	CHC-PZM@HA	CHC and PZM	i.v. injection, laser irradiation (660 nm)	Starvation therapy and photodynamic therapy	CT26 tumor bearing mice	40
	Mn-D@BPFe-A NPs	DOX, Fe³⁺		Starvation therapy, chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy	HepG2 tumor bearing mice	141