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. 2019 Oct 22;9(26):8321–8331. doi: 10.7150/thno.35467

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TNF is necessary for Pten loss induce tumor formation. (A) TNF expression was detected in papillomata and was largely present in CD11b⁺ cells. (B) 40 days after injection tamoxifen for three times, histological analysis (HE staining) of the dorsal skin of Lgr5-Pten^-/-mice and Lgr5-Pten^-/--TNF^-/-mice showed HF hyperplasia (telogen phase). (C) 4 and 9 weeks after DMBA/TPA treatment, epidermal hyperplasia in the dorsal skin of Lgr5-Pten^-/--TNF^-/- mice was more obvious than in TNF^-/-mice. (D) Representative images showing papillomata in Lgr5-Pten^-/--TNF^-/- mice 5 weeks and 8 weeks after DMBA/TPA treatment. (E) The incidence of skin tumor development in TNF^-/- mice and in Lgr5-Pten^-/--TNF^-/- mice. (E) The average number of papillomata per mouse in TNF^-/- mice (n=8) and in Lgr5-Pten^-/--TNF^-/-mice (n=8). Scale bars, 100 μm. W, weeks.