Skip to main content
. 2019 Feb 23;16(4):395–404. doi: 10.1007/s10433-019-00505-1

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Markov model of transitions between states of dependency and death. Each arrow represents a possible transition (i.e. recovery, stability or decline) between two states over a 1-year cycle. Mild dependency refers to a state in which a person is independent in basic activities of daily living (BADLs), is dependent in no more than a single instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) and needs help no more than one time per week. Moderate dependency refers to a state in which a person is independent in BADLs, is regularly dependent in more than one IADL and needs help more than one time per week. Severe dependency refers to a state in which a person is dependent in one BADL and more than one IADL and needs help one or several times per day. Total dependency refers to a state in which a person is dependent in BADLs and IADLs and needs help one or several times per day and live at a special housing