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. 2019 Nov 14;19:295. doi: 10.1186/s12935-019-1014-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Biosynthesis of S1P. S1P is generated from sphingosine (SPH) by two sphingosine kinases (SphK1 and SphK2) in the catabolic pathway. SphK1 mainly exists in the cytosol, but SphK2 exists in the nuclei and mitochondria. S1P produced by SphK1 is exported to the extracellular space, where it exerts various functions associated with cancer via S1P receptor (S1PR). S1P produced by SphK2 is thought to play important roles in intracellular functions