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. 2019 Nov;132:104812. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.006

Table 2.

Summary of petrochemical operation attributes by facility footprint, where “Small” is <0.5km2, “Medium” = 0.5-1 km2, “Large” = 1–2 km2, and “Extra-Large” >2km2.

Characteristic Description Facility Extent
Total
(N=156)
Small
(N=56)
Medium
(N=45)
Large
(N=45)
Extra-large
(N=10)
Port Proximity Near (< 10 km) 45% 51% 73% 60% 56%

Settlement Proximity
Urban (< 0.5 km) 59% 44% 40% 60% 49%
Suburban (0.5 to 5 km) 36% 49% 53% 30% 44%
Rural (> 5 km) 5% 7% 7% 10% 6%

Exposed Population High: > 7,500 residents within 1km 5% 11% 9% 0% 8%

Economic Activity
Refineries 25% 53% 73% 50% 49%
Manufacturing 70% 38% 18% 0% 41%
Mixed 5% 9% 9% 50% 10%

NUTS2 Regions
GDP: High (> €30,000) 30% 38% 18% 20% 43%
Petrochemical Cluster (> 3 Facilities) 29% 29% 38% 40% 32%
Petrochemical Emissions: Low (< 25 t/y Benzene) 63% 42% 18% 0% 39%

European Sectors
(UN Classification)
Western (BE, DE, FR, NL) 41% 49% 38% 20% 41%
Eastern (BG, CZ, HU, PL, RO, SK) 13% 4% 2% 10% 7%
Northern (FI, LV, SE, UK) 25% 18% 22% 60% 24%
Southern (EL, ES, IT, PT) 21% 29% 38% 10% 28%

Parent Company Independence: Low (w/Majority Shareholder) 80% 78% 62% 80% 74%
Corporate Group: Large (> 500 Companies) 27% 47% 49% 40% 40%
Solvency Ratio: Negative 7% 4% 0% 0% 4%
Assets per Employee: Low (< €2,500) 80% 78% 71% 60% 75%
Profit Margin: Negative 21% 36% 40% 20% 31%