Table 3.
Prevalence Rates Measured by PCL, IES, CAPS, and SCID
| Author, year | Scoring | PTSD prevalence rate n/N (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Screening questionnaire: PTSD Checklist | |||
| Bombardier, 200652 | SCM | 14/124 (11.3) | |
| Choi, 201481 | Cutoff score = 44 | 10/71 (14.1) | |
| Dahm, 201544 | SCM | 15/88 (17.0) | |
| Dams-O'Connor, 201353 | NR | 4/586 (0.7) | |
| Gfeller, 201355 | Cutoff score (score NR) | 0/67 (0.0) | |
| Hoffman, 201259 | SCM | 41/239 (17.2) | |
| Levin, 200161 | Total score to assess severity | mTBI | 8/60 (13.3) |
| modTBI | 0/9 (0.0) | ||
| McCauley, 200162 | Total score to assess severity | mTBI | 11/95 (11.6) |
| modTBI | 4/20 (20.0) | ||
| Zatzick, 201065 | Cutoff score ≥45 | mTBI | 87/406 (21.4) |
| modTBI | 67/358 (18.7) | ||
| sTBI | 102/592 (17.2) | ||
| Screening questionnaire: Impact of Event Scale | |||
| Ahman, 201366 | Cutoff score ≥26 | Men 9/95 (9.5) | |
| Women 9/68 (13.2) | |||
| Greenspan, 200656* | Cutoff score ≥35 | 32/198 (16.2) | |
| Haagsma, 201570* | Cutoff score ≥35 | 24/282 (8.5) | |
| Powell, 199676 | Cutoff score >26 | 12/35 (34.0) | |
| Williams, 200280 | Cutoff score ≥26 | 12/66 (18.2) | |
| Semi-structured interview: Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM | |||
| Alway, 201535* | 6/85 (7.0) | ||
| Alway, 201636* | 14/149 (9.4) | ||
| Ashman, 200451* | 56/188 (30) | ||
| Dahm, 201343 | 12/123 (9.8) | ||
| Glaesser, 200469 | 5/46 (10.9) | ||
| Gould, 201145 | 13/102 (12.7) | ||
| Gould, 201446 | 8/66 (12.1) | ||
| Hibbard, 199857 | 19/100 (19.0) | ||
| Mauri, 201475* | 0/16 (0.0) | ||
| Tsaousides, 201164 | 90/275 (32.7) | ||
| Whelan-Goodinson, 200949 | 14/100 (14.0) | ||
| Structured interview: Clinician-administered PTSD Scale | |||
| Bryant, 200941 | 50/425 (11.8) | ||
| Bryant, 20107* | 43/321 (13.4) | ||
| Chalton, 200968 | 3/21 (14.0) | ||
| Creamer, 200542 | 24/189 (12.7) | ||
| Hickling, 199658 | 38/107 (36.0) | ||
| Meares, 201148 | 11/56 (19.6) | ||
| Reid, 201177 | 2/42 (5.0) | ||
*
In studies with multiple time-points, the table shows measurement at 12 months.
Studies in italics are low risk of bias.
CAPS, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; IES, Impact of Event Scale; NR, not reported; modTBI, moderate traumatic brain injury; mTBI, mild traumatic brain injury; sTBI, severe traumatic brain injury; PCL, PTSD Checklist; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM; SCM, symptom cluster method.