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. 2019 Nov 8;7:325. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00325

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Copyright © 2019 Kemp, Wagenaar and Haroz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Current and expanded hybrid typologies for implementation research. Gray shading represents study types where the assessment of implementation strategies is a primary or secondary aim. Gray text indicates study types that are currently under- or unspecified. Individual types of three-variable hybrids have been excluded for simplicity. *Curran et al. (1) specify that Hybrid Type 1 studies have a primary aim of testing intervention effectiveness and a secondary aim of gathering information on implementation (e.g., reporting implementation outcomes like feasibility and sustainability) or better understanding the context of implementation (e.g., identifying barriers and facilitators) (9). Therefore, we argue that some Type 1 studies mix the independent variables of intervention and implementation strategy (I/is), while others mix the independent variables of intervention and context (I/c).