Figure 3.

Key receptors in the cell membrane and the various signaling pathways that may be activated during FSS sensing by cells are shown. Receptors activated due to shear stress cause a downstream signaling cascade. These lead to cellular responses such as differentiation, cell cycle arrest, contraction, cytoskeletal alignment, migration, and release of anti-inflammatory markers (Jalali et al., 1998; Gong et al., 2004; Li S. et al., 2005; Zhou et al., 2014; Wilkins et al., 2015; Baratchi et al., 2017; Kunnen et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2017; Chatterjee, 2018).