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Disruption in SHH or WNT signaling leads to complete tracheal ring deformity. (A) Normal tracheal development results in incomplete cartilage rings surrounding the trachea with the trachealis muscle on the dorsal side. (B) Complete tracheal ring deformity (CTRD) resulting from mutations in genes within the WNT and SHH pathways generates complete cartilage rings and an absence of the trachealis muscle.
