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. 2019 Jul 31;26(12):1664–1674. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocz094

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 1. — Overall outcome positive predictive value (PPV) and observed relative risk (RR), without bias analysis, from 8 simulated scenarios of outcome misclassification. (1) nondifferential misclassification: overall outcome sensitivity (SN) = 95%, overall outcome specificity (SP) = 99%; (2) nondifferential misclassification: SN = 90%, SP = 98%; (3) differential specificity: outcome sensitivity among exposed (SN₁) = 95%, outcome specificity among unexposed (SN₀) = 95%, outcome specificity among exposed (SP₁) = 90%, outcome sensitivity among unexposed (SP₀) = 99%; (4) differential specificity: SN₁ = 95%, SN₀ = 95%, SP₁ = 99%, SP₀ = 98%; (5) differential sensitivity: SN₁ = 70%, SN₀ = 95%, SP₁ = 99%; SP₀ = 99%; (6) differential sensitivity: SN₁ = 50%, SN₀ = 95%, SP₁ = 99%; SP₀ = 99%; (7) differential specificity and sensitivity: SN₁ = 70%; SN₀ = 95%, SP₁ = 99%; SP₀ = 98%; and (8) differential specificity and sensitivity: SN₁ = 90%; SN₀ = 95%, SP₁ = 90%; SP₀ = 99%.