Table 2.
WNT responses induced by viral, fungal, and protozoal infection in experimental systems.
| Viruses | Fungi | Protozoa | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WNT1 | ↑ mRNA HepC Huh7 (70) unaffected mRNA HIV hPdA (71) |
– | – |
| WNT2 | ↓ mRNA IVA murine lungs (72) ↑ mRNA HCMV hMSC (73) n.d. mRNA HIV hPdA (71) |
– | – |
| WNT2B | ↑ mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | – |
| WNT3 | unaffected mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | – |
| WNT3A | ↓ mRNA IVA murine lungs (72) n.d mRNA HIV hPdA (71) |
– | ↑ protein T. cruzi mSMC and mBMDM (74) ↑ mRNA T. cruzi mBMDM (74) |
| WNT4 | n.d. mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | - |
| WNT5A | ↑ mRNA EBV hNC (75) ↓ mRNA HCMV hFF (76) ↑ mRNA HIV mSDH (77) n.d mRNA HIV hPdA (71) |
↑ mRNA, protein A. fumigatus THP-1 and human corneas (78) ↑ mRNA C. albicans, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, Curdlan mPM (79) |
↓ mRNA L. donovani RAW264.7 (80) ↑ protein T. cruzi mSMC, mBMDM (74) ↑ mRNA T. cruzi mBMDM (74) |
| WNT5B | ↓ mRNA HCMV hFF (76) unaffected mRNA HIV hPdA (71) |
– | – |
| WNT6 | n.d mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | – |
| WNT7A | n.d mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | – |
| WNT7B | n.d mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | – |
| WNT8A | n.d mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | – |
| WNT8B | n.d mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | – |
| WNT9A | unaffected mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | – |
| WNT9B | unaffected mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | – |
| WNT10A | n.d mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | – |
| WNT10B | ↓ mRNA IVA murine lungs (72) ↑ mRNA HIV hPdA (71) |
– | – |
| WNT11 | n.d mRNA HIV hPdA (71) | – | – |
| WNT16 | ↑ mRNA HPV18 HaCat (81) unaffected mRNA HIV hPdA (71) |
– | – |
| Effects not specific to individual WNT proteins | ↓Fzd2, Lrp4, Tcf-3 mRNA IVA murine lungs (72) ↑ WNT/β-catenin signaling Rift Valley fever virus HEK293T (82) ↑β-catenin degradation HCMV hDF and hPET (83) ↑β-catenin protein HepB Huh7 (84) β-catenin stabilization HepC HEK293T (85), EBV hB-cells (86), Vaccinia virus HEK293T (87) ↓ protein β-catenin, no effect on DVL2,3 HCMV hFF (76) |
– | ↑β-catenin protein T. cruzi mSMC and mBMDM (74) ↑Fzd4, 6, 8, 9 mRNA T. cruzi mBMDM (74) |
mRNA and protein expression of WNT signaling molecules in response to infection. ↑, upregulation; ↓, downregulation; –, indicative of no data; n.d., not detectable; protein, protein expression; mRNA, mRNA expression; m, murine; h, human; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; PdA, primary-derived astrocytes; SMC, spleen mononuclear cells; BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages; NC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma; FF, foreskin fibroblasts; SDH, spinal dorsal horn; DF, dermal fibroblasts; PET, placental extravillous trophoblasts.