Table 3.
WNT functions in shaping host cell defense mechanism.
| Phagocytosis | Autophagy | ROS | NOS | Antimicrobial peptides | Inflammatory cytokines | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WNT1 | – | – | – | ↑ iNOS LPS stimulated THP-1 (48) | – | ↑ IL-6 ↑ TNF LPS stimulated THP-1 (48) |
| WNT2 | ↑ virus uptake D. melanogaster S2 (96) | – | – | – | – | – |
| WNT2B | - | – | – | – | – | ↓ Sendai virus-induced IFNβ1 HEK293T (97) |
| WNT3A | unaffected E. coli DH5α RAW264.7 (98) | ↓M. bovis BCG RAW.264.7 (99) | unaffected P. aeruginosa RAW264.7 (100) ↑ NADPH oxidase and hydrogen peroxide HUVEC (101) |
- | ↑ mRNA β-defensin 1 and CRAMP P. aeruginosa RAW264.7 (100) | ↓ TNF, IL-6, IL-1β P. aeruginosa RAW264.7 (100) |
| WNT5A | ↑E. coli DH5α RAW264.7 (98) ↑ latex beads RAW264.7 (80) ↑S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa RAW264.7 (57) unaffected L. donovani RAW264.7 (80) unaffected Mtb hMDM (102) |
↑P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae RAW264.7 (57) ↑ Mtb infected hMDM (102) ↓M. bovis BCG, S. flexneri, L. monocytogenes, but not K. pneumoniae, S. aureus or E. coli (IFNγ-induced autophagy) RAW264.7 (103) |
↑NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production RAW264.7 (80) ↑ ROS ↑ Wnt5a mPM and RAW264.7 (79) |
– | – | ↑ mycobacteria-induced IL-12 and IFNγ in PPD and mycobacteria-stimulated PBMC (34) ↑ TNF, IL-6, but not IL-10 RAW264.7 ±E. coli (98) ↑ TNF, IL-6, IFNβ E. coli RAW264.7 (104) and hPBMC (19) ↓ IFNβ Chandipura virus Wnt5aKD RAW264.7 (104) ↑ IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β in hPBMC (19) ↑ IL-10 hMDM, ↑IL-10 promotor RAW264.7 (105) ↑ IL-6, IL-8, IL1β hPBMC (19) |
| WNT6 | – | – | – | – | – | ↓ TNF Mtb mBMDM (40) |
| WNT7A | ↓ mMDM (106) | – | – | – | – | ↓ IL-10, IL-12 ↑IL-6 mMDM (106) |
| WNT9B | – | – | – | – | – | ↓IFNβ1 Sendai virus HEK293T (97) |
| WNT11 | – | – | – | – | – | ↓IL-8 mIEC (56) |
↑, upregulation; ↓, downregulation; –, indicative of no data; protein, protein expression; mRNA, mRNA expression; m, murine; h, human; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; MDM, monocyte-derived macrophages; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages; IEC, intestinal epithelial cells; MIM, myocardial infarct macrophages; Mtb, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.