Nanostring analysis of tumors after isolated limb infusion (ILI) and after combination limb infusion and ipilimumab. Gene expression was compared from available pretreatment biopsies (n = 11) to post ILI (n = 4) and post-IPI (n = 14) biopsies. Tumor biopsies were taken just prior to ILI, after ILI (7–15 days) and 3 weeks after the last dose of Ipilimumab. The gene expression pattern after ILI favored up-regulation of costimulatory ligands, and innate immune function, while after combination treatment, there was increased expression of cytotoxic function, particularly granzymes, IFNγ, perforin and ICOS.