Figure 2.

Proposed patient-tailored glioblastoma treatment with mRNA-based therapeutic modality. If practical, the target mRNA is predetermined using resected tumor tissue (1) with patient-derived xenografted animal model (2) or real-time detection (3). Meanwhile, patient's own vehicle cells (like bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs) are prepared (4). The synthetic target mRNA is delivered into cultured vehicle cells by preferred transfection method (5) and the target mRNA-bearing cells (6) and associated exosomes (7) are collected for administration (8). If necessary, additional mRNA, specific targeting molecules and/or chemotherapeutics such as temozolomide (TMZ) can be directly loaded into the isolated exosomes prior to the administration (9). The insert picture illustrates the possible action modes of mRNA in the tumor site, including mRNA product (i.e., protein) from both vehicle cell and recipient cell, cell-to-cell contact, and exosome-mediated attack molecules.