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. 2019 Nov 8;10:1326. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01326

Figure 7.

Figure 7

History of mutation induction in rice. Stadler’s pioneering study in inducing mutation using X-ray in barley, maize and wheat (Stadler, 1928; Stadler 1930), demonstrated the possibility in creating genetic variability through mutagenesis. It began a new era where it was possible to apply this tool in the most diverse organisms. The development of the first rice mutant in China, in 1957 (ISAAA, 2019), marks one of the important milestones in the rice mutation history. In USA (1977), the first commercial mutant variety of rice was approved (Rutger et al., 1977). After, the insertion and expression of T-DNA in rice was also reported (Raineri et al., 1990). In 1993, the autonomous element Ac, a component of the maize transposon system, was inserted into the rice genome (Shimamoto et al., 1993). In 1996, the use of retrotransposons to induce mutations in rice was reported (Hirochika et al., 1996). In 2002, one of the rice mutants that revolutionized agriculture was developed in USA. Imidazolinone herbicide-resistant rice cultivars are applied in invasive red rice control (reviewed in Sudianto et al., 2013). In 2002, draft genome sequences of the japonica Nipponbare (Goff et al., 2002) and indica 9311 (Yu et al., 2002) first appeared. In 2005, the map-based complete rice genome sequence was published, becoming the gold standard of crop genomes (IRGSP, 2005). Recently, genome editing technologies have been widely used in various organisms, including plants. The first techniques applied to rice mutagenesis used a non-specific nuclease (Fok I) associated to a DNA-specific domain, comprehend the TALEN (Transcription-like effectors nucleases) (Li et al., 2012; Shan et al., 2013) and ZFN (Zinc-finger nucleases) (Cantos et al., 2014; Jung et al., 2018). CRISPR/Cas system has been widely used to induce targeted genomic editing and has been applied in rice since 2013 (Shan et al., 2013; Jiang et al., 2013, Miao et al., 2013; Feng et al., 2013; Shan et al., 2014). Nowadays, according to FAO/IAEA records, 823 rice mutants have been officially registered since the first genotype developed in China in 1957.