Table 2.
Meta-analysis Random-Effects Estimates
| Type of analysis | Number of studies | Number of effects | d | SE | p | 95% CI | Q-statistic of heterogeneity | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | ||||||||
| Overall | 30 | 86 | 0.164 | 0.042 | <.001* | 0.081–0.247 | 41.3 | .064 |
| Immune | 12 | 42 | 0.217 | 0.066 | .001* | 0.088–0.347 | 13.4 | .267 |
| Inflammation | 20 | 44 | 0.142 | 0.053 | .008* | 0.057–0.246 | 30.0 | .052 |
| Dementia caregivers | ||||||||
| Overall | 21 | 66 | 0.188 | 0.042 | <.001* | 0.105–0.271 | 19.0 | .519 |
| Immune | 10 | 33 | 0.241 | 0.065 | <.001* | 0.004–0.113 | 12.6 | .184 |
| Inflammation | 13 | 33 | 0.155 | 0.052 | .003* | 0.052–0.257 | 11.1 | .521 |
| Minimal or low bias studies | ||||||||
| Overall | 19 | 53 | 0.086 | 0.038 | .028* | 0.009–0.162 | 19.1 | .386 |
| Immune | 7 | 19 | 0.197 | 0.081 | .015* | 0.038–0.355 | 7.7 | .262 |
| Inflammation | 14 | 34 | 0.059 | 0.045 | .194 | -0.030–0.147 | 14.1 | .370 |
| Moderate bias studies | ||||||||
| Overall | 11 | 33 | 0.302 | 0.095 | .002* | 0.116–0.489 | 16.9 | .076 |
| Immune | 5 | 23 | 0.272 | 0.129 | .035* | 0.019–0.525 | 5.5 | .236 |
| Inflammation | 6 | 10 | 0.356 | 0.153 | .020* | 0.056–0.655 | 11.4 | .045 |
Notes: CI = confidence interval.
*p < .05.