Table 1.

Functional contribution of infections to PD phenotypes in animal models.

Virus	Animal	Manipulation	Outcome	References
H5N1	C57BL/6J mice	Intranasal inoculation	Microglial activation, alpha-synuclein phosphorylation and aggregation. Nigral dopaminergic neuron loss	Jang et al.63
H1N1	C57BL/6J mice	Intranasal inoculation	Microglial activation in the SNpc. Reduced levels of neurotrophic factors and increased neuroinflammation markers	Sadasivan et al.64
H1N1	C57BL/6J mice+ MPTP	Intranasal inoculation	Increased loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons	Sadasivan et al.65
Japanese encephalitis	Fischer rats	Intracerebral inoculation	Nigral dopaminergic neuron loss and gliosis. L-DOPA-responsive bradykinesia	Ogata et al.66
Bacteria	Animal	Manipulation	Outcome	References
Curli producing E. coli	Aged Fischer 344 rats	Oral administration	Microglial and astroglial activation. Increased alpha-synuclein deposition	Chen et al.67
Other	Animal	Manipulation	Outcome	References
PD patients microbiota	Germ-free Th1-αSyn mice	Oral administration	Increased motor dysfunction	Sampson et al.68