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Signal Pathways in Obesity Associated Colon Cancer. Phosphorylation of receptors by the ligands such as IL-6, Leptin and IGF-1 leads to activation of downstream pathways PI3K/AKT and MAPK. Abbreviation: IGF-1; Insulin like growth factor-1; IL6, interleukin 6; PI3K/Akt, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa; B bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Adapted from Chen, 2011).
