Table 2.
Chronic study—primary outcomes: recruitment and 3-month follow-up (includes only those who attended study clinics at both time points and attended at least 18 classes if in the yoga group: n=35 in usual care group and n=25 in yoga group, unless otherwise stated)
| Pre-intervention Means (95% CI) |
3-month follow-up Means (95% CI), adjusted for pre-intervention levels |
Between-group difference adjusted for pre-intervention levels (95% CI) |
P value for between group difference, adjusted for pre-intervention levels | |||
| Yoga +usual care | Usual care | Yoga +usual care | Usual care | Yoga minus usual care | ||
| Diastolic function | n=25 | n=33* | n=25 | n=33* | ||
| E/e′. Median (95% CI) |
9.74 (8.37 to 11.12) | 8.72 (7.76 to 9.68) | 8.81 (8.33 to 9.29) | 8.26 (7.79 to 8.74) | −0.40 (−1.38 to 0.58) |
0.4 |
| 6 min walk test | n=19† | n=30‡ | n=19† | n=30‡ | ||
| Total distance, m | 462 (449 to 517) |
442 (402,482) | 488 (463 to 513) |
491 (471 to 512) |
−7 (−39 to 26) |
0.7 |
| Total minutes walked | 6.0 (6.0 to 6.0) | 5.8 (5.4 to 6.0) | 5.9 (5.7 to 6.1) | 5.8 (5.6 to 6.0) | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.5) | 0.5 |
| Distance, m/min | 77 (72 to 82) | 77 (71 to 82) | 81 (78 to 83) | 81 (78 to 83) | 0.8 (−4.6 to 6.2) | 0.8 |
| Fatigue (Borg scale: 0–10) | ||||||
| Pre-test | 0.2 (0 to 0.7) |
0.2 (0 to 0.5) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.07) | 0(0 to 0.06) | 0.07 (−0.03 to 0.2) | 0.17 |
| Post-test | 0.6 (0 to 1.4) | 0.7 (0.03 to 1.4) | 0.08 (−0.06 to 0.20) | 0.08(−0.04 to 0.19) | −0.01 (−0.3 to 0.2) | 0.9 |
| Dyspnoea (Borg Scale: 0–10) | ||||||
| Pre-test | 0 (0 to 0) | 0.07 (0 to 0.23) | 0 (0 to 0.09) | 0.04 (0 to 0.10) | 0.04 (−0.1 to 0.07) | 0.5 |
| Post-test | 0.6 (0 to 1.2) | 1.0 (0.3 to 1.7) | 0.2 (−0.3 to 0.8) | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0) | 0.2 (−0.9 to 0.5) | 0.5 |
| Response to exercise: 3 min step-test | n=18† | n=30‡ | n=18† | n=30‡ | ||
| Pre-step-test | ||||||
| Brachial SBP, mm Hg | 140 (134 to 146) |
135 (130 to 140) |
138 (133 to 140) |
131 (126 to 136) |
6 (−5 to 18) |
0.3 |
| Brachial DBP, mm Hg | 83 (80 to 85) |
80 (78 to 83) |
82 (79 to 84) |
79 (77 to 82) |
2 (−4 to 9) |
0.4 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 60 (56 to 64) | 62 (59 to 66) | 58 (54 to 61) | 60 (57 to 63) | −2 (−8, 5) | 0.6 |
| Immediately post-step-test | ||||||
| Brachial SBP, mm Hg | 161 (155 to 167) |
152 (147 to 157) |
156 (151 to 162) |
149 (145 to 155) |
2 (−10 to 14) |
0.7 |
| Brachial DBP, mm Hg | 85 (82 to 87) | 80 (78 to 83) | 77 (74 to 80) | 77 (74 to 79) | −1 (−8 to 5) | 0.7 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 89 (85 to 93) | 89(86 to 93) | 81 (77 to 85) | 85 (82 to 88) | −4 (−11 to 3) | 0.2 |
| Peak VO2 mL/min/kg | n=14 35.7 (31.5 to 40.0) |
n=27 38.2 (34.3 to 42.1) |
n=14 41.3 (38.0 to 44.6) |
n=27 42.6 (39.3 to 45.8) |
0.4 (−5.9 to 6.6) |
0.9 |
| 3 min post-step-test | ||||||
| Brachial SBP, mm Hg | 143 (137 to 149) |
134 (129 to 139) |
144 (138 to 150) |
136 (131 to 140) |
4 (−8 to 15) | 0.6 |
| Brachial DBP, mm Hg | 83 (80 to 86) | 80 (78 to 83) | 80 (77 to 83) | 79 (77 to 82) | −1(−3 to 9) | 0.8 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 66 (62 to 70) | 65 (61 to 68) | 61 (57 to 65) | 60 (58 to 64) | 0 (−7 to 7) | 1.0 |
*Two missing cases due to error readings.
†Missing cases: test not performed due to poor mobility (2) elevated blood pressure(>180/100 mm Hg) (4) refused step-test (1).
‡Missing cases: test not performed due to poor mobility (3), recent myocardial infarction (1), refused (1).
bpm, beats per minute; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.