Table 1.
Characteristics according to obstruction duration
| Obstruction duration ≤7 days | Obstruction duration >7 days | Total (N=1607) | |
| (group 1, n=913) | (group 2, n=694) | ||
| Male gender, n (%) | 538 (58.9) | 435 (62.7) | 973 (60.5) |
| Age (years) | 52 (39–62) | 56 (45–67) | 54 (41–64) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 220 (24.1) | 273 (39.3) | 493 (30.7) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 114 (12.5) | 156 (22.5) | 270 (16.8) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 14 (1.5) | 16 (2.3) | 30 (1.9) |
| Obstruction release procedure, n (%) | |||
| Spontaneous release | 71 (7.7) | 17 (2.5) | 88 (5.4) |
| Double-J stenting | 269 (29.5) | 236 (34.0) | 505 (31.4) |
| Percutaneous nephrostomy | 31 (3.4) | 21 (3.0) | 52 (3.2) |
| Operation (stone removal) | 206 (22.6) | 288 (41.5) | 494 (30.7) |
| ESWL | 336 (36.8) | 132 (19.0) | 468 (29.1) |
| Obstruction duration (days) | 3.0 (3.0–5.0) | 18.0 (11.0–31.3) | 6.0 (2.0–15.0) |
| Baseline SCr (mg/dL) | 0.80 (0.42–0.96) | 0.80 (0.66–1.00) | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) |
| Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)* | 94.89 (78.66–113.66) | 91.67 (74.68–112.77) | 93.62 (77.00–113.43) |
| SCr on admission (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 1.00 (0.80–1.20) | 1.00 (0.80–1.21) |
| eGFR on admission (mL/min/1.73 m2)* | 74.14 (58.15–91.37) | 74.76 (57.19–90.92) | 74.54 (57.81–91.25) |
| Performed imaging modality for diagnosis, n (%) | |||
| KUB | 43 (4.7) | 75 (10.8) | 118 (7.3) |
| Kidney sonography | 11 (1.2) | 6 (0.9) | 17 (1.1) |
| CT | 696 (76.2) | 493 (71.0) | 1189 (74) |
| IVP | 163 (17.9) | 120 (17.3) | 283 (17.6) |
| Hydronephrosis grade, n (%) | |||
| Grade 0 (no hydronephrosis) | 179 (20.9) | 141 (23.0) | 320 (21.8) |
| Grade 1 | 202 (23.6) | 115 (18.8) | 317 (21.6) |
| Grade 2 | 365 (42.6) | 172 (28.1) | 537 (36.6) |
| Grade 3 | 94 (11.0) | 117 (19.1) | 211 (14.4) |
| Grade 4 | 17 (2.0) | 67 (11.0) | 94 (5.8) |
| Obstruction side, n (%) | |||
| Left | 456 (50.2) | 328 (47.7) | 784 (49.1) |
| Right | 393 (43.3) | 300 (43.6) | 693 (43.4) |
| Bilateral | 35 (3.8) | 26 (3.8) | 61 (3.8) |
| Undefined | 24 (2.6) | 34 (4.9) | 58 (3.7) |
| Stone size (mm) | 5.6 (4.3–7.7) | 7.7 (5.6–10.9) | 6.5 (4.8–9.0) |
| Pain killer, n (%) | |||
| No use | 169 (18.5) | 159 (22.9) | 328 (20.4) |
| NSAIDs (old)† | 293 (32.1) | 195 (28.1) | 488 (30.4) |
| NSAIDs (new)‡ | 389 (42.6) | 303 (43.7) | 692 (43.1) |
| Narcotic analgesics | 62 (6.8) | 37 (5.3) | 99 (6.2) |
*eGFR was calculated using the Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS) traceable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation (mL/min/1.73 m2).
†Old NSAIDs: naproxen, aceclofenac and ketorolac.
‡New NSAIDs: talniflumate.
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate;ESWL, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy; IVP, intravenous pyelogram; KUB, kidney ureter bladder X-ray;NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SCr, serum creatinine.