Table 2.
Bivariate association between socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and health-risk behaviours
| Gambling | Alcohol intake | Smoking | Cannabis consumption | |||||||||
| Non-gamblers+non-problem gamblers | At risk +problem gamblers | P value | Never in previous year | At least once in previous year | P value | Never in previous year | At least once in previous year | P value | Never in previous year | At least once in previous year | P value | |
| % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | |||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Females | 98.3 (7807) | 1.7 (133) | <0.001 | 60.2 (4777) | 39.8 (3163) | <0.001 | 72.0 (5713) | 28.0 (2227) | <0.001 | 85.0 (6752) | 15.0 (1188) | <0.001 |
| Males | 88.5 (6783) | 11.5 (879) | 48.9 (3745) | 51.1 (3917) | 77.0 (5900) | 23.0 (1762) | 78.7 (6028) | 21.3 (1634) | ||||
| Age bracket | ||||||||||||
| 14–15 years | 95.1 (7252) | 4.9 (370) | <0.001 | 66.9 (5097) | 33.1 (2525) | <0.001 | 82.8 (6314) | 17.2 (1308) | <0.001 | 89.2 (6802) | 10.8 (820) | <0.001 |
| 16–17 years | 92.0 (7338) | 8.0 (642) | 42.9 (3425) | 57.1 (4555) | 66.4 (5299) | 33.6 (2681) | 74.9 (5978) | 25.1 (2002) | ||||
| Weekly income (€) | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 97.0 (2795) | 3.0 (87) | <0.001 | 71.3 (2054) | 28.7 (828) | <0.001 | 87.4 (2520) | 12.6 (362) | <0.001 | 90.5 (2608) | 9.5 (274) | <0.001 |
| 1–30 | 93.9 (10142) | 6.1 (656) | 53.3 (5752) | 46.7 (5046) | 73.7 (7953) | 26.3 (2845) | 81.7 (8819) | 18.3 (1979) | ||||
| 31–100 | 87.9 (1406) | 12.1 (193) | 37.5 (600) | 62.5 (999) | 59.2 (946) | 40.8 (653) | 70.9 (1134) | 29.1 (465) | ||||
| 100 or more | 76.5 (247) | 23.5 (76) | 35.9 (116) | 64.1 (207) | 60.1 (194) | 39.9 (129) | 67.8 (219) | 32.2 (104) | ||||
| Level of economic dissatisfaction | ||||||||||||
| Very satisfied or satisfied | 93.5 (9652) | 6.5 (667) | 0.003 | 55.8 (5758) | 44.2 (4561) | <0.001 | 76.9 (7933) | 23.1 (2386) | <0.001 | 84.2 (8691) | 15.8 (1628) | <0.001 |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 93.9 (4235) | 6.1 (273) | 53.4 (2406) | 46.6 (2102) | 70.9 (3194) | 29.1 (1314) | 78.5 (3537) | 21.5 (971) | ||||
| Dissatisfied or very dissatisfied | 90.7 (703) | 9.3 (72) | 46.2 (358) | 53.8 (417) | 62.7 (486) | 37.3 (289) | 71.2 (552) | 28.8 (223) | ||||
| Parents’ education | ||||||||||||
| Both have a high-school diploma or university degree | 93.9 (7147) | 6.1 (468) | 0.001 | 53.4 (4069) | 46.6 (3546) | 0.063 | 75.3 (5737) | 24.7 (1878) | 0.001 | 81.4 (6202) | 18.6 (1413) | 0.067 |
| At least one has a university degree | 92.8 (661) | 7.2 (51) | 56.0 (399) | 44.0 (313) | 74.2 (528) | 25.8 (184) | 80.9 (576) | 19.1 (136) | ||||
| At least one has a high-school diploma | 93.8 (3260) | 6.2 (217) | 52.5 (1824) | 47.5 (1653) | 72.4 (2519) | 27.6 (958) | 80.5 (2800) | 19.5 (677) | ||||
| Both have elementary or middle school diploma | 91.7 (2688) | 8.3 (242) | 55.4 (1623) | 44.6 (1307) | 72.3 (2119) | 27.7 (811) | 83.1 (2434) | 16.9 (496) | ||||
| Mother’s employment | ||||||||||||
| Not working | 93.0 (4344) | 7.0 (326) | 0.095 | 58.4 (2728) | 41.6 (1942) | <0.001 | 77.6 (3623) | 22.4 (1047) | <0.001 | 85.5 (3995) | 14.5 (675) | <0.001 |
| Working | 93.7 (10046) | 6.3 (671) | 52.9 (5664) | 47.1 (5053) | 73.0 (7822) | 27.0 (2895) | 80.4 (8612) | 19.6 (2105) | ||||
| Father’s employment | ||||||||||||
| Not working | 92.0 (1030) | 8.0 (89) | 0.042 | 56.9 (637) | 43.1 (482) | 0.081 | 73.1 (818) | 26.9 (301) | 0.221 | 80.6 (902) | 19.4 (217) | 0.188 |
| Working | 93.6 (13093) | 6.4 (894) | 54.2 (7585) | 45.8 (6402) | 74.8 (10456) | 25.2 (3531) | 82.2 (11494) | 17.8 (2493) | ||||
| Deceased parents | ||||||||||||
| Both parents alive | 93.6 (14325) | 6.4 (986) | 0.087 | 54.6 (8364) | 45.4 (6947) | 0.910 | 74.6 (11419) | 25.4 (3892) | 0.002 | 82.0 (12558) | 18.0 (2753) | 0.012 |
| At least one deceased parent | 91.1 (265) | 8.9 (26) | 54.3 (158) | 45.7 (133) | 66.7 (194) | 33.3 (97) | 76.3 (222) | 23.7 (69) | ||||
| Geographical area | ||||||||||||
| Northern Italy | 95.6 (6253) | 4.4 (290) | <0.001 | 54.8 (3585) | 45.2 (2958) | 0.268 | 75.8 (4960) | 24.2 (1583) | <0.001 | 81.7 (5343) | 18.3 (1200) | <0.001 |
| Central Italy | 92.7 (2709) | 7.3 (214) | 55.7 (1628) | 44.3 (1295) | 71.9 (2102) | 28.1 (821) | 79.1 (2312) | 20.9 (611) | ||||
| Southern Italy and Isles | 91.7 (5628) | 8.3 (508) | 53.9 (3309) | 46.1 (2827) | 74.2 (4551) | 25.8 (1585) | 83.5 (5125) | 16.5 (1011) | ||||
| Type of school | ||||||||||||
| Grammar or artistic high school | 95.7 (7725) | 4.3 (346) | <0.001 | 58.0 (4682) | 42.0 (3389) | <0.001 | 77.0 (6215) | 23.0 (1856) | <0.001 | 83.5 (6741) | 16.5 (1330) | <0.001 |
| Technical or vocational school | 91.2 (6865) | 8.8 (666) | 51.0 (3840) | 49.0 (3691) | 71.7 (5398) | 28.3 (2133) | 80.2 (6039) | 19.8 (1492) | ||||