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. 2019 Nov 15;9:16944. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53414-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cytokine treatment results in the inflammatory activation of astrocytes. (a–d) The gene expression levels of (a) CCL5, (b) CXCL8, (c) C3, and (d) LCN2 were analyzed in cytokine-treated and control astrocytes at the 0-, 1-, 3- and 7-day time points. Robust increases in the expression of all studied genes were detected after cytokine treatment (n = 2 with three technical replicates; the data are representative of two experiments). (e) Secretion of inflammatory factors into the medium was analyzed at the 24 h and 7-day time points. The relative intensity values for the different analytes were calculated by subtracting the intensity values of the control samples from those of the cytokine-treated samples at each time point (n = 1 with two technical replicates; the data are representative of two experiments). (f) The levels of IL-6 were analyzed at 0, 1, 3 and 7 day in cytokine-treated and control astrocytes. IL-6 levels increased in a time-dependent manner over 7 days in the cytokine-treated samples, while under control conditions, the levels were undetectable (n = 2 with two technical replicates; the data are representative of two experiments). The quantification data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m.