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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2019 May 16;149-150:85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.005

Figure 2: Dysfunctional timing of macrophage phenotypes in failed implant integration.

Figure 2:

(A) Premature M2 activation may prevent implant integration via production of fibrotic cytokines such as TGF-β, though M1 macrophages may also play a role in fibrosis. (B) Early M1 macrophages that fail to transition to an M2 phenotype at later timepoints continue to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in chronic inflammation and delayed healing.