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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2019 May 16;149-150:85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.005

Figure 3: General model of sequential drug delivery system for macrophage modulation and implant integration.

Figure 3:

During the initial inflammatory phase, MCP-1 may be incorporated to recruit circulating monocytes to the implant site. Release of IFNγ or TNFα can promote the Ml phenotype in infiltrating macrophages, inducing sprouting of immature blood vessels from the surrounding vasculature. Subsequent release of IL-4 and/or IL-13 would activate switching to the M2(a) phenotype, resulting in the resolution of inflammation and stabilization of newly formed blood vessels.