Table 4.
Negative regulators of MF differentiation
| Key signaling pathway | Tissue/cells | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soluble mediators | |||
| PGE2 | Activates cAMP/PKA | Fibs | [216] |
| FGF-2 | Activates PI3K and ERK1/2 | Fibs | [25] |
| Interferon (IFN)-γ | Activates JAK/STAT1 | Fibs | [217] |
| Transcriptional regulators | |||
| PPARγ | Inhibits MAP kinases | MFibs | [218–220] |
| FOXO3 | Inhibits R-Smads | MFibs | [25, 221] |
| PTEN | Inhibits PI3K | MFibs of lung | [47, 222] |
| Smad7 | Inhibits R-Smads | MFibs of lung | [223] |
| Krupple-like factor (KLF)15 | Inhibits R-Smads | MFibs of heart and MFibs of kidney | [224, 225] |