Table 3.

Critical appraisal of included studies.

Study	Q1a	Q2b	Q3c	Q4d	Q5e	Q6f	Q7g	Q8h	Q9i	Q10j	Q11k	Q12l	Q13m
Conaughton et al [22]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Esposito et al [23]	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Fletcher-Watson et al [24]	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Fridenson-Hayo et al [25]	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Whitehouse et al [26]	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Himle et al [27]	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ricketts et al [28]	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Bul et al [29]	Yes	No	Yes	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Coutinho et al [30]	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
De Castro et al [31]	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Number that met the criteria (%)	50	20	100	0	10	50	90	100	70	90	100	100	100

^aQ1: True randomization.

^bQ2: Allocation concealed.

^cQ3: Treatment groups similar at the baseline.

^dQ4: Participants blind to treatment.

^eQ5: Those delivering intervention blind to treatment.

^fQ6: Outcome assessors blind to treatment.

^gQ7: Treatment groups treated identically.

^hQ8: Follow-up complete and if not, differences between groups adequately described and analyzed.

ⁱQ9: Participants analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized.

^jQ10: Outcomes measured in the same way for groups.

^kQ11: Outcomes measured reliably.

^lQ12: Appropriate statistical analysis.

^mQ13: Appropriateness of trial design and any deviations from RCT design accounted for.