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Treatments prescribed or used prior to surgery
| Physical therapy | 144 (96%) |
| Epidural spinal injections | 127 (85%) |
| Exercise | 101 (67%) |
| Stretching | 47 (31%) |
| Hot/cold therapy | 23 (15%) |
| Weight loss | 17 (11%) |
| Chiropractor | 15 (10%) |
| Prior lumbar surgery | 14 (9%) |
| Facet injections | 4 (3%) |
| Brace | 2 (1%) |
| Acupuncture | 2 (1%) |
| None | 2 (1%) |
| Diagnostic injections | 1 (< 1%) |
| Pain management | 1 (< 1%) |
