Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals for the incidence of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality during follow up according to the presence, type, and duration of diabetes mellitus
| Individuals without diabetes | Individuals with type 2 diabetes (diabetes duration < 5 years) | Individuals with type 2 diabetes (diabetes duration ≥ 5 years) | Individuals with type 1 diabetes (diabetes duration < 5 years) | Individuals with type 1 diabetes (diabetes duration ≥ 5 years) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 18,500,151 | n = 1,158,637 | n = 754,866 | n = 8,523 | n = 874 | |
| Myocardial infarction | |||||
| Events (n) | 83,712 | 14,986 | 17,680 | 257 | 14 |
| Follow-up duration (person-years) | 84,157,841.27 | 5,516,027.03 | 3,677,744.08 | 41,701.72 | 2,604.79 |
| Incidence rate (per 100,000 person-years) | 99.470 | 271.681 | 480.729 | 616.282 | 537.471 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.635 (1.607–1.664) | 2.135 (2.100–2.171) | 3.295 (2.915–3.724) | 3.904 (2.314–6.586) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.387 (1.357–1.418) | 2.072 (1.832–2.344) | 2.343 (1.387–3.956) | |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.394 (1.369–1.419) | 1.837 (1.807–1.868) | 2.825 (2.499–3.193) | 3.303 (1.958–5.573) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.374 (1.344–1.405) | 2.044 (1.807–2.313) | 2.295 (1.359–3.875) | |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.361 (1.336–1.386) | 1.792 (1.761–1.823) | 2.729 (2.414–3.085) | 3.136 (1.857–5.295) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.385 (1.355–1.416) | 2.025 (1.790–2.291) | 2.247 (1.331–3.796) | |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.250 (1.226–1.276) | 1.628 (1.596–1.661) | 2.418 (2.137–2.735) | 2.830 (1.677–4.774) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.351 (1.321–1.381) | 1.955 (1.728–2.212) | 2.200 (1.303–3.715) | |
| Hospitalization for HF | |||||
| Events (n) | 89,173 | 15,926 | 20,522 | 358 | 18 |
| Follow-up duration (person-years) | 84,188,450.19 | 5,521,605.87 | 3,681,471.67 | 41,639.93 | 2,598.64 |
| Incidence rate (per 100,000 person-years) | 105.921 | 288.431 | 557.440 | 859.752 | 692.670 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.515 (1.490–1.541) | 1.999 (1.969–2.030) | 3.922 (3.536–4.351) | 4.682 (2.958–7.411) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.373 (1.345–1.402) | 2.624 (2.363–2.913) | 3.063 (1.934-4.851) | |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.381 (1.357–1.405) | 1.841 (1.813–1.870) | 3.578 (3.225–3.969) | 4.196 (2.650–6.643) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.371 (1.343–1.400) | 2.596 (2.338–2.883) | 3.000 (1.894–4.750) | |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.364 (1.340–1.388) | 1.802 (1.774–1.831) | 3.379 (3.045–3.749) | 3.927 (2.474–6.234) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.371 (1.343–1.400) | 2.495 (2.247–2.771) | 2.843 (1.791–4.514) | |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.236 (1.212–1.260) | 1.626 (1.596–1.656) | 3.036 (2.734–3.371) | 3.535 (2.232–5.597) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.346 (1.318–1.375) | 2.452 (2.208–2.723) | 2.787 (1.756–4.426) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | |||||
| Events (n) | 105,562 | 15,019 | 14,724 | 213 | 14 |
| Follow-up duration (person-years) | 84,127,796.33 | 5,518,697.12 | 3,686,232.26 | 41,821.14 | 2,604.57 |
| Incidence rate (per 100,000 person-years) | 125.478 | 272.148 | 399.432 | 509.312 | 537.517 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.242 (1.221–1.264) | 1.296 (1.273–1.318) | 2.029 (1.774–2.321) | 3.015 (1.787–5.086) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.072 (1.048–1.097) | 1.654 (1.445–1.894) | 2.381 (1.412–4.014) | |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.117 (1.098–1.136) | 1.180 (1.159–1.201) | 1.846 (1.614–2.112) | 2.705 (1.603–4.563) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.081 (1.057–1.107) | 1.669 (1.458–1.911) | 2.378 (1.411–4.008) | |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.124 (1.105–1.144) | 1.171 (1.150–1.192) | 1.793 (1.567–2.051) | 2.650 (1.570–4.475) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.070 (1.045–1.095) | 1.610 (1.407–1.844) | 2.297 (1.360–3.880) | |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.060 (1.039–1.081) | 1.114 (1.091–1.137) | 1.714 (1.497–1.962) | 2.508 (1.486–4.232) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.074 (1.050–1.099) | 1.637 (1.430–1.875) | 2.332 (1.384–3.930) | |
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| Events (n) | 249,622 | 45,145 | 48,873 | 841 | 35 |
| Follow-up duration (person-years) | 84,326,798.16 | 5,547,858.83 | 3,713,739.98 | 42,168.61 | 2,620.17 |
| Incidence rate (per 100,000 person-years) | 296.020 | 813.740 | 1,316.000 | 1,994.370 | 1,335.790 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.483 (1.468–1.498) | 1.659 (1.643–1.675) | 3.150 (2.944–3.370) | 2.917 (2.094–4.062) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.132 (1.118–1.147) | 2.124 (1.984–2.274) | 1.979 (1.422–2.755) | |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.588 (1.572–1.604) | 1.787 (1.770–1.805) | 3.355 (3.136–3.589) | 3.072 (2.206–4.278) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.139 (1.124–1.154) | 2.101 (1.962–2.249) | 1.927 (1.384–2.684) | |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.533 (1.517–1.549) | 1.745 (1.727–1.763) | 3.135 (2.930–3.355) | 2.891 (2.075–4.026) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.154 (1.139–1.169) | 2.044 (1.909–2.188) | 1.884 (1.353–2.625) | |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.434 (1.417–1.451) | 1.598 (1.579–1.617) | 2.893 (2.703–3.097) | 2.638 (1.894–3.674) |
| – | 1 (Ref.) | 1.124 (1.109–1.138) | 2.009 (1.876–2.151) | 1.836 (1.319–2.557) | |
Model 1: adjusted for age and sex
Model 2: adjusted for model 1 + smoking history, alcohol history, regular exercise, monthly income, body mass index, hypertension, and dyslipidemia
Model 3: adjusted for model 1 + smoking history, alcohol history, regular exercise, monthly income, metabolic syndrome, and end-stage renal disease
Model 4: adjusted for model 2 + fasting plasma glucose
HF heart failure. Statistically significant values among the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were given in italic