Fig. 3.

Pathological and imaging findings in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The top row shows examples of pathological findings in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - small intramural coronary arteriole dysplasia, with narrowed lumen (a and b, reproduced with permission from [54]), and interstitial fibrosis with widespread myocyte disarray (c, reproduced with permission from [55]). The bottom row shows imaging findings in a single patient. Speckle tracking echocardiography shows segmental impairment in longitudinal systolic strain, particularly in the base to mid inferior septum (d, arrow). Global longitudinal strain was normal, at − 19%. Cardiac MRI shows septal hypertrophy (e) with late gadolinium enhancement (f, arrow), corresponding to the area of impaired strain. Abbreviations: LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle