Table.1 |.

Selective survey of EMT markers in clinical prostate cancer specimens

Study	Number and type of specimens	Staining type	Results
E-cadherin
Sethi et al. (2010)18	10 primary PCa (all RP specimens), 10 bone metastases	Membranous	No statistically significant association between decreasing E-cadherin and bone metastasis (staining intensity, P=0.433; % of cells. P=0.122; low vs high expression, P=l)
Rubin et al. (2001)11	Tissue microarray on 757 benign prostate, 41 high-grade PIN, 325 primary PCa, 97 hormone-refractory primary PCa	Membranous	Trend of increased E-cadherin expression in 128 clinically localized PCa samples; trends of aberrant expression associated with a high rate of PSA failure, positive surgical margins, and increasing Gleason score
Tomita et al. (2000)15	83 primary PCa (RP and TURP specimens)	Membranous	E-cadherin expression inversely correlated with N-cadherin (P=0.0008)
De Marzo et al. (1999)12	76 primary PCa (RP specimens) and 10 pelvic lymph node metastases	Membranous	Decreased E-cadherin expression correlated with advanced Gleason grade (P<0.003) and tumor stage (P<0.008); 9 of the 10 pelvic lymph node metastases displayed strong E-cadherin expression
Umbas et al. (1994)114	89 TURP specimens (33 primary PCa, 20 after recurrence) and 47 RP specimens (primary PCa)	Membranous	Decreased E-cadherin expression correlated with tumor grade and stage (P<0.005) and shorter overall survival (P<0.001); aberrant E-cadherin expression in primary tumor associated with the presence of metastases (P<0.001); post-RP progression associated with aberrant E-cadherin expression (P<0.005)
Umbas et al. (1992)9	84 PCa (37 TURP specimens with extensive local progression and 47 RP specimens of primary PCa). 8 metastases (7 lymph node, 1 testis)	Membranous	Decreasing E-cadherin expression correlated with increasing Gleason score (P<0.001); 6 of 8 metastases displayed either negative or intermediate heterogeneous E-cadherin staining
Vimentin
Sethi et al. (2010)18	10 primary PCa and 10 bone metastases	Cytoplasmic	No significant difference in vimentin expression between primary and metastatic lesions
Zhang et al. (2009)46	267 primary PCa (RP specimens)	Cytoplasmic	High vimentin expression correlated with shorter time to biochemical recurrence (P<0.004), independent of Gleason grade
Lang et al. (2002)115	54 primary PCa (TURP or needle biopsy specimens) and 8 bone metastases	Cytoplasmic	Positive vimentin staining was associated with bone metastases and poorly differentiated cancers—not correlated strongly enough to predict positive bone scans, yet positive bone scans were correlated with positive vimentin staining
ZEB1
Sethi et al. (2010)18	10 primary PCa and 10 bone metastases	Nuclear	High expression of ZEB1 not found in either primary lesions or bone metastases
Graham et al. (2008)38	Tissue microarrays of PCa and benign tissue	Nuclear	ZEB1 staining correlated with Gleason score (P<0.001) and was absent in normal tissue
TWIST
Kwok et al. (2005)74	46 PCa (needle biopsy or RP specimens) and 45 BPH	Cytoplasmic and nuclear	Expression higher in tumor tissue than in BPH (P<0.001), and correlated with Gleason grade >7 (P<0.05); TWIST expression was also increased in both bone and lymph node metastases
N-cadherin
Jaggi et al. (2006)116	44 RP specimens	Membranous	Increased N-cadherin expression associated with Gleason score >4 (P<0.05) and Gleason score 8–10 (P<0.001)
Kallakury et al. (2001)117	112 primary PCa (RP specimens)	Membranous	Only found to be present in 5% of samples, and demonstrated no correlation with any other evaluative metric
Tomita et al. (2000)15	83 primary PCa (RP and TURP specimens) and 12 benign acini	Dotted and membranous	No staining in benign samples, but expression increased with Gleason score in cancer specimens (P=0.001)

Abbreviations: BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; PCa, prostate cancer; PIN. prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia; RP, radical prostatectomy; TURP, transurethral resection of the prostate.