Fig. 4.

Synaptamide suppresses TNF-challenged pro-inflammatory responses. Mice were injected with synaptamide (5 mg/kg, i.p.) following TNF injection (250 μg /kg, i.v.), and brain and blood samples were collected after 1 h to determine inflammatory gene expression by qPCR (a) and the protein level in the whole brain by the Western blot analysis with quantitative results (b). Primary adult microglia cells were stimulated with TNF (20 ng/mL) followed by 10 nM synaptamide for 1 h (c). The protein level in the blood was analyzed by ELISA (d). Values are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3). ns, the difference of means is not statistically significant