Table 4. Description of Studies Included in Meta-analyses.

Country	First Author (Reference)	Year Published	N	Study Design	Case Ascertainment	Rural/Urban	Serotypes Reported?
Colonization
Nigeria	Uhiara21	1993	100	Cross-sectional, hospital-based	In labor, high vaginal + rectal swabs	Urban	No
Gambia	Suara18	1994	136	Cross-sectional, health center-based	In labor, vaginal + rectal swab	Rural	No
Mozambique	Osman13	1995	53	Case–control, hospital-based	25–36 weeks gestation, posterior vaginal fornix swab	Urban	No
Kenya	Mosabi19	1997	28	Cross-sectional, hospital-based	Hospital-associated antenatal or post-natal clinic, high vaginal swab	Urban	Yes
Zimbabwe	Moyo16	2000	206	Cross-sectional, hospital-based	All pregnant women, high vaginal + rectal swabs	Urban	Yes
Zimbabwe	Thinkhamrop17	2003	209	Cross-sectional, hospital-based	20–32 weeks gestation, cervix + lower vagina	Urban	No
Malawi	Dzowela22	2005	97	Cross-sectional, hospital-based	>34 weeks gestation, lower vaginal and rectal swabs	Urban	No
Zimbabwe	Mavenyengwa24	2006	400	Cross-sectional, clinic- and hospital-based	20–30 weeks gestation, lower vaginal and rectal swabs	Both	No
Mozambique	de Steenwinkel12	2008	113	Cross-sectional, health center-based	35–37 weeks gestation, rectovaginal swabs	Urban	No
Tanzania	Joachim20	2009	300	Cross-sectional, hospital-based	37 weeks of gestation, high vaginal + rectal swabs	Urban	No
South Africa	Cutland11	2009	3964	Prospective randomized clinical trial, hospital-based	In labor, lower vagina	Urban	No
Zimbabwe	Mavenyengwa15	2010	676	prospective cohort, clinic- and hospital-based	~26 weeks gestation and in labor, lower vaginal + rectal swab	Both	No
South Africa*	Madzivhandila31	2011	2561	Prospective case series, hospital-based	In labor, vaginal swab	Urban	Yes
Malawi	Gray10	2011	1857	Cross-sectional, hospital-based	In labor, low vagina + rectal swab	Urban	Yes
Ethiopia	Mohammed23	2012	139	Cross-sectional, health center-based	35–37 weeks gestation, lower 1/3 of vagina + anal region	Urban	No
South Africa	Kwatra32	2013	130	Cross-sectional, community clinic-based	20+ weeks gestation, lower vaginal and rectal swabs	Urban	No
Ethiopia	Mohammed*	In progress	235	Cross-sectional, hospital-based	Before delivery	Urban	Yes
EOGBS and LOGBS disease
Zimbabwe	Nathoo33	1990	12,917	Prospective, hospital-based	Ages EOGBS < 48 h, 48 h–28 d; blood culture	Urban	No
South Africa	Haffejee26	1991	14,340	Retrospective, hospital	Ages EOGBS 0–5 d, LOGBS >5 d; blood and/or CSF culture	Urban	No
South Africa	Bomela27	2001	28,424	Retrospective and prospective cohort, hospital-based	Ages EOGBS 0–6 d; blood and CSF culture	Urban	No
South Africa	Madhi25	2003	67,227	Retrospective cohort, hospital-based	Ages EOGBS 0–6 d, LOGBS 7–90 d; blood and CSF culture	Urban	Yes
Kenya	Berkley28	2005	27,284	Prospective cohort, hospital-based	Ages EOGBS 0–7 d, 8–90 d; blood culture	Rural	No
Nigeria	Ojukwu30	2006	4135	Prospective cohort, hospital-based	Ages EOGBS 0–6 d, LOGBS 7–90 d; blood and CSF culture	Urban	No
Malawi	Gray29	2007	31,458	Prospective cohort, hospital-based	Ages EOGBS 0–6 d, LOGBS 7–90 d; blood and CSF culture	Urban	Yes
South Africa	Cutland11	2009	8129	Prospective randomized clinical trial, hospital-based	Ages EOGBS 0–2 d, LOGBS 3–28 d; blood and/or CSF culture	Urban	No
South Africa	Madzivhandila31†	2011	2542	Prospective case series, hospital-based	Ages EOGBS 0–6 d, LOGBS 7–90 d; blood and/or CSF culture	Urban	Yes
Mozambique	Sigauque*	In progress	10,072	cross-sectional, hospital-based	Ages EOGBS 0–7 d, LOGBS 8–28 d; blood and/or CSF culture	Urban	No

Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. The island nations of Cabo Verde, São Tomé and Principe, and Seychelles were excluded.

^*Personal communications from first authors.

^†Contributed to serotype distribution analysis only.