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. 2019 Nov 18;51(11):137. doi: 10.1038/s12276-019-0330-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Synthetic VSMCs isolated from rat aortic tissue fragments were explanted onto laminin-coated plates. The expression of contractile marker genes was assessed by western blot analysis (a) or immunocytochemistry (b) at the indicated passages. Magnification, 40×. Bar, 100 μm. c Cells from each passage were embedded in collagen gel beads and stimulated with AngII. Time-lapse images were recorded digitally, and contractions are expressed as the percentage of the initial area (n = 3). *P < 0.05 compared with the no- treatment (NT) group. n.s., not significant. P4-stage VSMCs were stimulated with TNFα for 4 days at the indicated doses, and the expression of contractile marker genes was assessed by western blot analysis (d) and immunocytochemistry (e). Magnification, 40×. f Contractile VSMCs were stimulated with TNFα for 4 days, and AngII-induced collagen gel contraction was analyzed as described above (n = 3). *P < 0.05 compared with the no-treatment (NT) group. n.s. not significant. The results are presented as the means ± SEM. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test were used to determine the P values. The asterisks indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05).