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. 2019 Nov 18;51(11):137. doi: 10.1038/s12276-019-0330-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a P4-stage VSMCs were stimulated with the indicated prostanoids or a thromboxane analog (U46619) for 4 days. Cell lysates were examined for the expression of SMA and SM22α. b P4-stage VSMCs were stimulated with TNFα or PGD₂ for 4 days, and AngII-dependent contraction was analyzed (n = 2). *P < 0.05 compared with the no-treatment (NT) group. c P4-stage VSMCs were pretreated with the indicated inhibitors (PD, PD98059; SP, SP600125; SB, SB203580), and PGD₂-dependent changes in the expression of SMA and SM22α were assessed. d P4-stage VSMCs were pretreated with a MEK, DP₁, or DP₂ inhibitor (PD98059, BWA868C, or TM-30089) and then stimulated with PGD₂. Cell lysates were analyzed for ERK activation. e P4-stage VSMCs were stimulated with a DP₁ or DP₂ agonist (BW245C (upper panel) or DK-PGD₂ (lower panel)), and ERK activation was assessed. f P4-stage VSMCs were pretreated with a DP₁ or DP₂ antagonist (BWA868C or TM-30089), and PGD₂-dependent gene expression changes in SMA and SM22α were examined. g P4-stage VSMCs were stimulated with a DP₁ or DP₂ agonist (BW245C (upper panel) or DK-PGD₂ (lower panel)), and the expression levels of SMA and SM22α were assessed. The results are presented as the means ± SEM. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test were used to determine the P values. The asterisks indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05).